Zagumyonnyi Dmitry G, Gong Yingchun, Huo Da, Tikhonenkov Denis V
Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia.
Research Center for Aquatic Biodiversity and Eco-Envirnomental Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
PLoS One. 2025 May 9;20(5):e0322585. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0322585. eCollection 2025.
The centrohelid family Raphidocystidae is a large group of heliozoans whose morphology and biology are poorly understood and whose taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships are currently confusing. Here, we report the results of a study of clonal cultures of raphidocystids belonging to the species Raphidocystis tubifera, R. ambigua, R. marginata and R. symmetrica. The cells were examined using light microscopy as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. New data on the morphology of the studied species were obtained and compared with other representatives of Raphidocystidae. For the first time, R. ambigua and R. symmetrica are reported for Kazakhstan and China, respectively. Cases of taxonomic confusion within Raphidocystidae have been detected and discussed. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on 18S rRNA sequences clarified the relationships within raphidocystids and confirmed that scales with smooth surfaces are apparently characteristic of the common ancestor of all Raphidocystidae, and scales with a reticular structure were acquired evolutionarily later. Cysts within the Raphidocystidae species were apparently a later evolutionary acquisition. The ability of centrohelid heliozoans to consume cells of toxic and nontoxic cyanobacteria, which cause the most dangerous harmful algal blooms, has been demonstrated for the first time.
针晶囊科（Raphidocystidae）是一大类太阳虫，其形态学和生物学特性鲜为人知，分类学和系统发育关系目前也很混乱。在此，我们报告了对属于管形针晶囊虫（Raphidocystis tubifera）、歧义针晶囊虫（R. ambigua）、边缘针晶囊虫（R. marginata）和对称针晶囊虫（R. symmetrica）的针晶囊虫克隆培养物的研究结果。使用光学显微镜以及扫描和透射电子显微镜对细胞进行了检查。获得了有关所研究物种形态学的新数据，并与针晶囊科的其他代表物种进行了比较。歧义针晶囊虫和对称针晶囊虫分别首次在哈萨克斯坦和中国被报道。已检测并讨论了针晶囊科内的分类学混乱情况。基于18S rRNA序列的分子系统发育分析阐明了针晶囊虫之间的关系，并证实表面光滑的鳞片显然是所有针晶囊科共同祖先的特征，而具有网状结构的鳞片是在进化后期获得的。针晶囊科物种内的包囊显然是后来进化获得的。首次证明了中心太阳虫类太阳虫消耗有毒和无毒蓝藻细胞的能力，这些蓝藻会引发最危险的有害藻华。
