Optimizing Fragmentation while Minimizing Thermal Injury Risk with the Thulium Fiber Laser in Ureteral Stone Lithotripsy: An In Vitro Study.

To optimize thulium fiber laser (TFL) settings for effective stone fragmentation although minimizing thermal injury in confined ureteral spaces using a three-dimensional ureter model. A hydrogel-based ureter model was maintained at 37.2 ± 0.5°C, with a cylindrical BegoStone (10 × 10 mm, 1.00 ± 0.07 gm) occluding the ureter. Ureteroscopy was performed using a 150 µm TFL fiber for 3 minutes with room temperature irrigation and differing rates (0, 20, 40 mL/min) and power settings (6.4 to 20 W). Maximum sustained temperature (MST) and cumulative thermal dose (cumulative equivalent minutes at 43°C) were assessed against a 120-minute safety threshold. We also evaluated the effects of ureter volume and irrigation temperature. Stone mass treated was calculated by subtracting the mass of residual fragments >3 mm from the initial mass. At 6.4 and 10 W, MSTs were below body temperature, and thermal doses were under 1 minute, indicating minimal thermal risk. At 20 W with 20 mL/min irrigation, MST exceeded 43°C within seconds, and thermal doses surpassed 120 minutes. Treatment efficiency was highest at 20 W (1.58 mg/s), followed by 10 W (1.15 mg/s) and 6.4 W (0.78 mg/s). Among 10 W settings, 1.0 J/10 Hz was more efficient than 2.0 J/5 Hz and 3.0 J/3 Hz. Safe settings produced 95.5% fine dust, whereas high-energy pulses 2-3 J produced significantly more fragments (1-3 mm) compared with settings with pulse energy 0.5-1.0 J. Increasing irrigation to 40 mL/min or using 15°C irrigation effectively reduced MST and improved efficiency, particularly at 20 W. Our study demonstrates the risk of thermal injury with 20 W TFL treatment. Conversely, 10 W settings at 2.0 J/5 Hz are safe and effective for fragmentation. Future research will focus on validating these optimal settings for human stone treatment.