Neumann Kevin M, Eckert Lucas, Miranda Damaris, Kemp Andrew, Bell Alison M
Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA.
Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Québec Canada.
Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 2025;79(5):56. doi: 10.1007/s00265-025-03599-z. Epub 2025 May 8.
Comparing populations across replicate environments or habitat types can help us understand the role of ecology in evolutionary processes. If similar phenotypes are favored in similar environments, parallel evolution may occur. Collective behavior, including collective movement and social networks, can play a key role in the adaptation by animals to different environments. However, studies exploring the parallelism of collective behavior are limited, with research traditionally focusing on morphological traits. Here, we asked if collective behavior varies consistently across replicate populations of benthic and limnetic three-spined stickleback (). There were repeatable, population-level differences in collective behavior in a common garden experiment, with some populations forming groups that were more cohesive and with higher strength and clustering coefficients. However, these differences were not predicted by ecotype (benthic vs. limnetic). Latency to emerge and morphology did consistently differ between ecotypes, and there were no correlations between these traits and collective behavior. Together, these results suggest that collective behavior diverges, but not in a way that is associated with variation along the benthic-limnetic axis. By examining multiple traits, we show how phenotypic evolution can be occurring in parallel and non-parallel ways at the same time. This study further highlights that the classification of habitat types may only be relevant for certain traits, with collective behavior potentially changing in a more nuanced manner.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00265-025-03599-z.
比较不同重复环境或栖息地类型中的种群有助于我们理解生态学在进化过程中的作用。如果相似的表型在相似的环境中受到青睐，可能会发生平行进化。集体行为，包括集体运动和社会网络，在动物适应不同环境的过程中可能发挥关键作用。然而，探索集体行为平行性的研究有限，传统研究主要集中在形态特征上。在这里，我们研究了底栖和湖沼三刺鱼的重复种群中集体行为是否一致变化。在一个共同花园实验中，集体行为存在可重复的种群水平差异，一些种群形成的群体凝聚力更强，强度和聚类系数更高。然而，这些差异并不能由生态型（底栖型与湖沼型）预测。生态型之间出现的潜伏期和形态确实存在一致差异，并且这些特征与集体行为之间没有相关性。综合来看，这些结果表明集体行为存在差异，但并非以与底栖 - 湖沼轴上的变化相关的方式。通过研究多个特征，我们展示了表型进化如何同时以平行和非平行的方式发生。这项研究进一步强调，栖息地类型的分类可能仅与某些特征相关，集体行为可能以更细微的方式发生变化。
在线版本包含可在10.1007/s00265 - 025 - 03599 - z获取的补充材料。
