Insights Into Pediatric Non-congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Review Based on 5 Different Rare Cases with Primary Adrenal Insufficiency.

Adrenal insufficiency presents a significant clinical challenge due to its diverse etiologies and potentially life-threatening consequences. This review highlights the spectrum of adrenal insuf- ficiency, focusing on primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI). Childhood PAI, predominantly con- genital, presents unique diagnostic and management considerations. An aspect of this review is the discussion of PAI related to non-congenital adrenal hyperpla- sia, particularly adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) resistance syndromes and autoimmune adrenal insufficiency. The clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment management of these rare childhood PAI types are assessed through 5 case studies. Despite advancements in genetic understanding, some cases are unsolved and remain diag- nostic mysteries. There is a need for further research and elucidation of molecular etiopatho- genesis in adrenal insufficiency. Clinicians are pivotal in identifying these rare diseases and providing lifesaving outcomes.