Genomics of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.

Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder - which are the most common adult disorders requiring psychiatric care - contribute substantially to premature mortality and morbidity globally. Treatments for these disorders are suboptimal, there are no diagnostic pathologies or biomarkers and their pathophysiologies are poorly understood. Novel therapeutic and diagnostic approaches are thus badly needed. Given the high heritability of psychiatric disorders, psychiatry has potentially much to gain from the application of genomics to identify molecular risk mechanisms and to improve diagnosis. Recent large-scale, genome-wide association studies and sequencing studies, together with advances in functional genomics, have begun to illuminate the genetic architectures of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder and to identify potential biological mechanisms. Genomic findings also point to the aetiological relationships between different diagnoses and to the relationships between adult psychiatric disorders and childhood neurodevelopmental conditions.