Ray Suman Kumar, Mukherjee Sukhes
Department of Biochemistry. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462020, India.
Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462020, India.
Mol Biol Rep. 2025 May 13;52(1):452. doi: 10.1007/s11033-025-10558-4.
Rare among male cancers, male breast cancer (MBC) accounts for less than one percent of all male tumors. The prevalence of this illness and female breast cancer (FBC) have both been on the rise in recent years. While reports have implicated hormonal, environmental, and genetic variables in the development of MBC, nothing is known about its aetiology. Radiation exposure, hormonal imbalances caused by other medical conditions, and, most significantly, a positive family history of breast cancer-which indicates a hereditary predisposition-are major risk factors. While low-penetrance gene mutations (such as CHEK-2) are more prevalent, they do not enhance the risk of breast cancer development to the same extent as rare mutations in high-penetrance genes (such as BRCA1 and BRCA2). Speculated risk factors, including BRCA2 and lifestyle changes in the last few decades, are considered in light of the reasons for the rising occurrence. Topics covered include aromatase inhibitors, fulvestrant, and the prolactin and androgen receptor targeting pathways, as well as the therapeutic therapy of male breast cancer. Invasive ductal carcinomas, which account for about 90% of breast cancers in men, express many hormone receptors and show clear signs of treatment benefit. No single therapy method has been supported by published evidence from prospective randomized trials in MBC to yet. The treatment decision should be guided by the primary prognostic markers, which include tumor size and the number of axillary nodes involved. Detailed descriptions of the clinicopathologic characteristics of MBC are included in the present review. Our focus is on molecular profiling of MBC as a means to discover potential biomarkers and potential pharmacologic intervention targets. Endocrine treatment, which includes tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, and GnRH analogues, as well as cytotoxic chemotherapy, are characterized in light of the existing research. We also outline the possible function of targeted medications such as HER2-directed treatments, PARP inhibitors, and angiogenesis inhibitors.
男性乳腺癌（MBC）在男性癌症中较为罕见，占所有男性肿瘤的比例不到1%。近年来，这种疾病以及女性乳腺癌（FBC）的患病率均呈上升趋势。虽然有报告指出激素、环境和基因变量与MBC的发生有关，但其病因仍不清楚。辐射暴露、其他疾病导致的激素失衡，以及最重要的乳腺癌家族史阳性（这表明存在遗传易感性）是主要风险因素。虽然低 penetrance 基因突变（如CHEK - 2）更为常见，但它们增加乳腺癌发生风险的程度不如高 penetrance 基因（如BRCA1和BRCA2）中的罕见突变。鉴于发病率上升的原因，对包括BRCA2和过去几十年生活方式改变在内的推测风险因素进行了探讨。涵盖的主题包括芳香化酶抑制剂、氟维司群、催乳素和雄激素受体靶向途径，以及男性乳腺癌的治疗。浸润性导管癌约占男性乳腺癌的90%，表达多种激素受体，并显示出明显的治疗获益迹象。目前尚无前瞻性随机试验的已发表证据支持单一的治疗方法。治疗决策应以主要预后标志物为指导，这些标志物包括肿瘤大小和腋窝淋巴结受累数量。本综述包括对MBC临床病理特征的详细描述。我们的重点是MBC的分子谱分析，以此作为发现潜在生物标志物和潜在药物干预靶点的手段。根据现有研究，对包括他莫昔芬、芳香化酶抑制剂和GnRH类似物在内的内分泌治疗以及细胞毒性化疗进行了描述。我们还概述了HER2靶向治疗、PARP抑制剂和血管生成抑制剂等靶向药物的可能作用。
