Raveloson Annick Onimalala, Harimalala Mireille, Ramasindrazana Beza, Girod Romain, Gillespie Thomas Robert, Ayala Diego, Miarinjara Adelaide
University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2025 May 13;19(5):e0013054. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0013054. eCollection 2025 May.
Plague is a rodent-borne disease transmitted to humans by the bite of fleas infected with the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Flea control is a key part of the overall plague management strategy. Insecticide-based strategies are designed to reduce or eliminate fleas from the environment in order to stop the disease transmission cycle during outbreaks. Many efforts have been directed toward monitoring flea susceptibility to insecticides using standardized bioassay methods recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Several studies have reported the development of insecticide resistance in vector species across Madagascar, which could be one of the factors contributing to the re-emergence of plague in endemic foci. However, the assessment of the operational efficacy of vector control in the field has received less attention. Furthermore, the mechanisms conferring flea resistance to insecticides remain poorly explored. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of (i) the effectiveness of insecticides for flea vector control in Madagascar, (ii) longitudinal surveillance of insecticide resistance in flea vector populations across the country, and (iii) insecticide resistance mechanisms in these fleas. Current vector control methods, including WHO standard methods for assessing the susceptibility or resistance of adult fleas, are presented and discussed. In addition, we propose recommendations for future research to improve the effectiveness of vector control and insecticide resistance mitigation for more effective control of plague-vector fleas in Madagascar.
鼠疫是一种由啮齿动物传播的疾病，通过感染鼠疫杆菌的跳蚤叮咬传播给人类。控制跳蚤是整个鼠疫管理策略的关键部分。基于杀虫剂的策略旨在减少或消除环境中的跳蚤，以在疫情爆发期间阻断疾病传播周期。许多工作致力于使用世界卫生组织（WHO）推荐的标准化生物测定方法监测跳蚤对杀虫剂的敏感性。多项研究报告称，马达加斯加各地的病媒物种已出现杀虫剂抗性，这可能是鼠疫在流行地区再度出现的因素之一。然而，对实地病媒控制操作效果的评估受到的关注较少。此外，赋予跳蚤对杀虫剂抗性的机制仍未得到充分探索。在本综述中，我们总结了目前对以下方面的认识：（i）马达加斯加用于控制跳蚤病媒的杀虫剂的有效性；（ii）对该国跳蚤病媒种群杀虫剂抗性的纵向监测；（iii）这些跳蚤的杀虫剂抗性机制。介绍并讨论了当前的病媒控制方法，包括WHO评估成年跳蚤敏感性或抗性的标准方法。此外，我们为未来的研究提出建议，以提高病媒控制的有效性和减轻杀虫剂抗性，从而更有效地控制马达加斯加的鼠疫病媒跳蚤。
