Harnessing MUC1 aptamer-targeted nanoparticles for precision medicine in breast cancer.

Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein from the mucin family, characterized by extensive glycosylation. It is present on the surface of most epithelial cells and is involved in interactions with invading microbes. Elevated MUC1 levels have been reported to affect multiple signaling pathways, influencing processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer, cellular metabolism, apoptosis, and distant metastasis. Inadequate glycosylation of MUC1 exposes new antigenic epitopes, presenting potential targets for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Additionally, MUC1 is strongly linked to hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), forming a positive feedback loop that promotes the advancement of hypoxic malignant tumors Recent advancements in targeted therapy have highlighted the potential of MUC1 aptamers, short nucleic acid sequences that bind with high affinity and specificity to MUC1, as promising therapeutic agents. Therapeutic strategies targeting MUC1 include monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, cancer vaccines, and aptamers, with several already advancing to clinical trial stages. The review explores the role and mechanisms of MUC1 aptamers in the biological functions of malignant tumors, emphasizing their potential in breast cancer therapy, diagnostic imaging, and aptamer-based biosensors. It also reviews clinical trials and discusses the future potential of MUC1 aptamer nanoparticles (NPs) for breast cancer treatment.