P-Type Pentatricopeptide Repeat Proteins YS1 and YS2 Function in Splicing of Intron to Maintain Chloroplast Homeostasis During Rice Seedling Development.

Regulating chloroplast gene expression is crucial for maintaining chloroplast function and plant development. Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins form a vast protein family that regulates organelle genes and has multiple functions during plant development. Here, we found that two P-type PPR proteins, YS1 (yellow-green seedling 1) and YS2, jointly regulated seedling development in rice. The loss of and exhibited the collapsed chloroplast thylakoids and decreased photosynthetic activity, leading to the yellowing and death of rice seedlings. YS1 and YS2 could directly bind to the transcript of the intergenic region to facilitate the splicing of intron, thereby affecting the splicing efficiency of , which is located downstream of in the five-cistronic transcription unit . The mutations in and led to decreased mature transcripts of and after splicing, significantly reducing the protein levels of PetB and PetD. This further led to deficiencies in the cytochrome b6/f and photosystem I complexes of the electron transport chain (ETC), ultimately resulting in decreased ETC-produced NADPH and reduced contents of carbohydrates in mutants. Moreover, transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that YS1 and YS2 were vital for chloroplast organization and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as chloroplast RNA processing. In previous studies, the mechanism of intron splicing in the five-cistronic transcription unit of rice is unclear. Our study revealed that the two highly conserved proteins YS1 and YS2 were functionally redundant and played critical roles in photosynthesis and seedling development through their involvement in intron splicing to maintain chloroplast homeostasis in rice. This work broadened the perspective on PPR-mediated chloroplast development and laid a foundation for exploring the biofunctions of duplicated genes in higher plants.