The Aboveground Biomass Estimation of the Grain for Green Program Stands Using UAV-LiDAR and Sentinel-2 Data.

Aboveground biomass (AGB) serves as a crucial indicator of the effectiveness of the Grain for Green Program (GGP), and its accurate estimation is essential for evaluating forest health and carbon sink capacity. However, due to the dominance of sparse forests in GGP stands, research in this area remains significantly limited. In this study, we developed the optimal tree height-diameter at breast height (DBH) growth models for major tree species and constructed a high-quality AGB sample dataset by integrating airborne LiDAR data and tree species information. Then, the AGB of the GGP stands was estimated using the Sentinel-2 data and the gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) algorithm. The results showed that the AGB sample dataset constructed using the proposed approach exhibited strong consistency with field-measured data (R = 0.89). The GBDT-based AGB estimation model shows high accuracy, with an R of 0.96 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 560 g/m. Key variables such as tasseled cap greenness (TCG), red-edge normalized difference vegetation index (RENDVI), and visible-band difference vegetation index (VDVI) were identified as highly important. This highlights that vegetation indices and tasseled cap transformation index information are key factors in estimating AGB. The AGB of major tree species in the new round of the GGP stands in Inner Mongolia ranged from 120 to 9253 g/m, with mean values of 978 g/m for poplar, 622 g/m for Mongolian Scots pine, and 313 g/m for Chinese red pine species. This study offers a practical method for AGB estimation in GGP stands, contributing significantly to sustainable forest management and ecological conservation efforts.