Raypah Muna E, Jamlos Mohd Faizal, Muncan Jelena, Khalif Ku Muhammad Naim Ku, Saruchi Sarah Atifah, Ali Munira Mohd, Yee Chin Sim, Nugroho Agus, Puranto Prabowo
Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Data Science, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26300, Gambang, Malaysia.
Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26600, Pekan, Malaysia.
J Fluoresc. 2025 May 14. doi: 10.1007/s10895-025-04358-z.
Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) have become a potent and adaptable nanomaterial in recent years for the sensitive and specific detection of heavy metal ions. Ferric ion (Fe) is one of the most damaging metal ions that can infiltrate the human body and the environment. In this study, blue-emitting carbon dots (CDs) were successfully synthesized from lemon juice using a hydrothermal process. The sensitivity of CDs to Fe ions was examined using various concentrations of Fe (0-400 µM) under different pH conditions (3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13) by measuring UV-Vis absorbance at 200-700 nm. The findings showed that the interaction between CDs and Fe is significantly influenced by pH, resulting in varying absorbance enhancement responses. To get more profound insights into this pH-dependent performance, multivariate analysis techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were utilized. By combining these techniques with experimental data, significant correlations between pH levels, and electronic transitions of CDs, and Fe⁺ sensing performance were identified. According to the PLSR model, pH 7 is ideal for real-world uses since it offers the optimum balance between Fe⁺ solubility and CDs sensing capabilities, closely matching environmental and physiological conditions. This work contributes to the knowledge of CDs-based sensing mechanisms and emphasizes the value of multivariate analysis in boosting material performance for real-world applications in the biochemical and environmental domains.
近年来，荧光碳点（CDs）已成为一种强大且适应性强的纳米材料，用于重金属离子的灵敏和特异性检测。铁离子（Fe）是最具危害性的金属离子之一，会渗入人体和环境。在本研究中，采用水热法成功从柠檬汁中合成了发蓝光的碳点（CDs）。通过在200 - 700nm波长下测量紫外可见吸光度，在不同pH条件（3、5、7、9、11和13）下，使用不同浓度的铁（0 - 400µM）检测碳点对铁离子的敏感性。研究结果表明，碳点与铁之间的相互作用受pH值的显著影响，导致吸光度增强响应各不相同。为了更深入了解这种pH依赖性性能，采用了多元分析技术，包括主成分分析（PCA）、线性判别分析（LDA）和偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）。通过将这些技术与实验数据相结合，确定了pH水平、碳点的电子跃迁和铁离子传感性能之间的显著相关性。根据PLSR模型，pH 7对于实际应用是理想的，因为它在铁离子溶解度和碳点传感能力之间提供了最佳平衡，与环境和生理条件密切匹配。这项工作有助于了解基于碳点的传感机制，并强调了多元分析在提高材料性能以用于生化和环境领域实际应用中的价值。
