A literature review of non-financial conflicts of interest in healthcare research and publication.

BACKGROUND

Conflicts of interest (COIs) in healthcare research have received substantial attention over the past three decades. Although financial COI (FCOI) has an extensive literature, publications about non-financial COI (NFCOI) are comparatively rare. Disagreements surrounding the importance of NFCOIs in research and publication, including whether competing non-financial interests should even be considered COIs, present significant gaps in the literature. This lack of clarity prompted our literature review's aim to determine the current consensus about how NFCOIs should be treated in healthcare research and publication.

METHODS

We searched the PubMed database using MeSH terms and keywords to identify articles published before November 6, 2023 about NFCOI in biomedical research and publication. We applied relevance, appropriateness, transparency, and soundness (RATS) criteria to develop a final dataset of 206 publications and reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram. Qualitative and quantitative analyses revealed major themes and conclusions regarding consensus within the field.

RESULTS

The literature centers around fundamental disagreements about (1) whether competing non-financial interests constitute COIs like FCOIs, (2) whether they need to be addressed in research, and (3) whether they should be managed with disclosure or with other strategies. Despite these disagreements, the balance of evidence and arguments suggests that (1) NFCOIs are meaningful conceptual entities like FCOIs [96%], (2) they require management [76%], and (3) disclosure is necessary but insufficient [55%] or necessary and sufficient [27%] as a management strategy.

CONCLUSION

The topic of NFCOI enjoys far less attention and consensus compared to FCOI's robust body of literature developed over decades. We found general agreement about the relevance of NFCOIs and the need to address them, but not how to do so. Our results are consistent with Wiersma et al., the first review on this topic. Taken together, these reviews suggest a path forward for researchers, publishers, and healthcare professionals requiring new approaches for NFCOI management.