Ndaba Bongeka Sylvia, Faber Erika, Marufu Munyaradzi Christopher, Pretorius Alri, Tshilwane Selaelo Ivy
University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Pretoria, South Africa.
Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccine and Diagnostics Development Program, Pretoria, South Africa.
Parasite Immunol. 2025 May;47(5):e70009. doi: 10.1111/pim.70009.
Haemonchus contortus poses a major threat to small ruminant production in subtropical regions worldwide. Unfortunately, there is growing anthelmintic resistance, and the only licensed vaccine has limitations. This paper aimsto review the use of RNA-sequencing in understanding the immune responses of small ruminants to H. contortus infection, focusing on identifying differentially expressed genes and elucidating key immune pathways associated with resistance and susceptibility. This review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement guidelines and Population, Intervention, Control, and Outcome framework covering publications from January 2015 to December 2023. RNA-seq identified the activation of key immune pathways, such as Th1/Th2, NK cell, B cell receptor signalling, MAPK, CAMs, and TNF signalling. There was upregulation of a range of PRRs, including TLRs and CLECs, in the resistant sheep, suggesting a crucial role for trained innate immune cells in resistance. However, there are no direct comparisons of TLR and CLEC expression between resistant and susceptible goats. This shows that there is a gap in understanding of the immune response mechanisms in goats. Addressing these knowledge gaps will lead to the development of more effective and sustainable control strategies.
捻转血矛线虫对全球亚热带地区的小反刍动物生产构成重大威胁。不幸的是，驱虫抗性日益增加，且唯一获得许可的疫苗存在局限性。本文旨在综述RNA测序在理解小反刍动物对捻转血矛线虫感染的免疫反应中的应用，重点是鉴定差异表达基因并阐明与抗性和易感性相关的关键免疫途径。本综述遵循系统评价和Meta分析报告的首选项目声明指南以及人群、干预措施、对照和结局框架，涵盖2015年1月至2023年12月的出版物。RNA测序确定了关键免疫途径的激活，如Th1/Th2、NK细胞、B细胞受体信号传导、MAPK、细胞黏附分子和TNF信号传导。抗性绵羊中一系列模式识别受体（PRR）上调，包括Toll样受体（TLR）和C型凝集素（CLEC），表明训练有素的固有免疫细胞在抗性中起关键作用。然而，抗性和易感山羊之间TLR和CLEC表达没有直接比较。这表明在山羊免疫反应机制的理解上存在差距。填补这些知识空白将有助于制定更有效和可持续的控制策略。
