Li Hongyu, Zhao Qingzhi, Xu Jialu, Li Xianwei, Chen Xintong, Zhang Yijie, Li Hairun, Zhu Yunhuan, Liu Mingcheng, Zhao Ling, Hua Dingji, Zhang Xiaofen, Chen Keda
Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China.
Ocean College, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, China.
Front Immunol. 2025 Apr 30;16:1579905. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1579905. eCollection 2025.
Fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) and Down syndrome cell adhesion molecules (Dscams) are important immune-related molecules in invertebrates. Although they are found in different taxonomic groups and possess unique functions, both exhibit high diversity and adaptability. FREPs are characterized by their fibrinogen-related domains and have been primarily studied in mollusks, such as . Through mechanisms of diversity generation, such as gene conversion and point mutations, FREP plays a critical role in the host's defense against parasites. Dscams are immunoglobulin-like transmembrane proteins, mainly studied in arthropods, such as and . Through alternative splicing, Dscams generate multiple isoforms that participate in pathogen recognition and the precise wiring of neural circuits. In , Dscam plays a role not only in neuronal self-recognition but also in pathogen recognition. In , Dscam defends against parasite infections, by binding to pathogens and mediating phagocytosis. This paper highlights the key roles of FREPs and Dscams in the immunity of two major invertebrate groups-mollusks and arthropods-and summarizes the main advancements in current research. These studies not only deepen the understanding of invertebrate immune mechanisms but also lay a solid foundation for future exploration of their potential applications in the biomedical field.
纤维蛋白原相关蛋白（FREPs）和唐氏综合征细胞粘附分子（Dscams）是无脊椎动物中重要的免疫相关分子。尽管它们存在于不同的分类群中且具有独特功能，但两者都表现出高度的多样性和适应性。FREPs以其纤维蛋白原相关结构域为特征，主要在软体动物中进行研究，例如 。通过基因转换和点突变等多样性产生机制，FREP在宿主抵御寄生虫的防御中发挥关键作用。Dscams是免疫球蛋白样跨膜蛋白，主要在节肢动物中进行研究，例如 和 。通过可变剪接，Dscams产生多种异构体，参与病原体识别和神经回路的精确布线。在 中，Dscam不仅在神经元自我识别中起作用，还在病原体识别中起作用。在 中，Dscam通过与病原体结合并介导吞噬作用来抵御寄生虫感染。本文强调了FREPs和Dscams在两个主要无脊椎动物类群——软体动物和节肢动物免疫中的关键作用，并总结了当前研究的主要进展。这些研究不仅加深了对无脊椎动物免疫机制的理解，也为未来探索它们在生物医学领域的潜在应用奠定了坚实基础。
