Sabir Shazia, Thani Ali Salman Bin, Abbas Qamar
Department of Biology, College of Science, Sakhir Campus, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2025 Apr 30;13:1548588. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1548588. eCollection 2025.
A notable increase in cancer-related fatalities and morbidity worldwide is attributed to drug resistance. The factors contributing to drug resistance include drug efflux via ABC transporters, apoptosis evasion, epigenetic alterations, DNA repair mechanisms, and the tumor microenvironment, among others. Systemic toxicities and resistance associated with conventional cancer diagnostics and therapies have led to the development of alternative approaches, such as nanotechnology, to enhance diagnostic precision and improve therapeutic outcomes. Nanomaterial, including carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, polymeric micelles, and liposomes, have shown significant benefits in cancer diagnosis and treatment due to their unique physicochemical properties, such as biocompatibility, stability, enhanced permeability, retention characteristics, and targeted delivery. Building on these advantages, this review is conducted through comprehensive analysis of recent literature to explore the principal mechanisms of drug resistance, the potential of nanomaterials to revolutionize selective drug delivery and cancer treatment. Additionally, the strategies employed by nanomaterials to overcome drug resistance in tumors, such as efflux pump inhibition, multidrug loading, targeted delivery to the tumor microenvironment, and gene silencing therapies are discussed in detail. Furthermore, we examine the challenges associated with nanomaterials that limit their application and impede their transition to clinical use.
全球范围内与癌症相关的死亡和发病率显著增加归因于耐药性。导致耐药性的因素包括通过ABC转运蛋白的药物外排、凋亡逃避、表观遗传改变、DNA修复机制以及肿瘤微环境等。传统癌症诊断和治疗所带来的全身毒性和耐药性促使了替代方法的发展，如纳米技术，以提高诊断精度并改善治疗效果。纳米材料，包括碳纳米管、树枝状大分子、聚合物胶束和脂质体，由于其独特的物理化学性质，如生物相容性、稳定性、增强的渗透性、滞留特性和靶向递送，在癌症诊断和治疗中已显示出显著优势。基于这些优势，本综述通过对近期文献的全面分析，探讨耐药性的主要机制、纳米材料在革新选择性药物递送和癌症治疗方面的潜力。此外，还详细讨论了纳米材料用于克服肿瘤耐药性的策略，如外排泵抑制、多药负载、靶向递送至肿瘤微环境以及基因沉默疗法。此外，我们还研究了与纳米材料相关的限制其应用并阻碍其向临床应用转化的挑战。
