Herrero Jiménez María Pilar, Del Pozo de la Calle Susana, Cuadrado Vives Carmen, Escobar Sáez Daniel
Faculty of Health Sciences, International University of La Rioja (UNIR), Spain. Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Nutrition. 2025 Aug;136:112778. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2025.112778. Epub 2025 Apr 3.
Plant-based diets are increasingly popular in contemporary society. While they are suitable for all life stages, there is a potential risk of nutrient deficiencies, particularly in omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins A, D, and B, zinc, iodine, selenium, choline, and creatine. During pregnancy and lactation, the nutritional demands increase significantly, making proper supplementation essential. Breastfeeding remains the optimal feeding method for infants, provided key nutrient needs are met through supplementation. A bibliographic search in Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed focused on plant-based diets, supplementation, and key nutrients over the past 10 years. Studies involving diseases or duplicates were excluded, and data were analyzed from European and U.S. sources to assess nutrient supplementation trends. Micronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy and lactation can negatively impact infant neurological development. Vitamin A supports vision and immunity, while vitamin D aids fetal bone mineralization. Deficiency in vitamin B can lead to anemia and neurological issues. Zinc, iodine, selenium, omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA), choline, and creatine also play critical roles in development and may require supplementation in plant-based diets. With careful planning, plant-based diets can meet nutritional needs during pregnancy, lactation, and childhood. Supplementation with key micronutrients, including choline and creatine, is essential for neurodevelopment and energy metabolism. Dietitians play a vital role in guiding individualized dietary plans, and further research is needed on optimal supplement dosages and long-term health effects.
植物性饮食在当代社会越来越受欢迎。虽然它们适用于所有生命阶段，但存在营养缺乏的潜在风险，尤其是在omega-3脂肪酸、维生素A、D、B、锌、碘、硒、胆碱和肌酸方面。在怀孕和哺乳期间，营养需求显著增加，因此适当补充营养至关重要。母乳喂养仍然是婴儿的最佳喂养方式，前提是通过补充营养满足关键营养素需求。在Scopus、科学网和PubMed上进行了文献检索，重点关注过去10年的植物性饮食、营养补充和关键营养素。排除涉及疾病或重复的研究，并分析来自欧洲和美国的数据来源以评估营养补充趋势。怀孕和哺乳期间的微量营养素缺乏会对婴儿的神经发育产生负面影响。维生素A支持视力和免疫力，而维生素D有助于胎儿骨骼矿化。维生素B缺乏会导致贫血和神经问题。锌、碘、硒、omega-3脂肪酸（二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸）、胆碱和肌酸在发育中也起着关键作用，可能需要在植物性饮食中进行补充。通过精心规划，植物性饮食可以满足怀孕、哺乳和儿童期的营养需求。补充关键的微量营养素，包括胆碱和肌酸，对于神经发育和能量代谢至关重要。营养师在指导个性化饮食计划方面发挥着至关重要的作用，并且需要进一步研究最佳补充剂量和长期健康影响。
