Moreira Inês, Pereira Eduarda, Soares Amadeu M V M, Freitas Rosa
Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
Department of Chemistry & REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
Environ Pollut. 2025 Sep 15;381:126453. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126453. Epub 2025 May 13.
This review synthesizes current knowledge on gadolinium (Gd) contamination in marine and coastal environments from 209 scientific publications. Of these, 83 studies were selected for detailed analysis, focusing specifically on marine invertebrate taxa to ensure a targeted examination of Gd's effects on key sentinel species within this group, with 69 papers (83.1 %) focusing on Gd concentrations in marine and coastal ecosystems, reporting concentrations ranging from 0.00002516 to 1176.77 μg/L. Out of the 83 papers, 14 (16.9 %) were related to Gd ecotoxicological effects through laboratory exposure experiments, with test concentrations ranging from 10 to 5600 μg/L. The studies mainly investigated Gd bioaccumulation and toxicity in marine bivalves (e.g. Mytilus galloprovincialis, Crassostrea gigas, Ruditapes philippinarum), crustaceans (Callinectes sapidus, Crangon crangon) and echinoderms (Paracentrotus lividus, Arbacia lixula). Bivalves were the most studied taxonomic group due to their filter-feeding behavior and role as bioindicators of metal contamination. Laboratory results showed that Gd exposure led to oxidative stress, metabolic disorders and reproductive toxicity, especially in molluscs and echinoderms. M. galloprovincialis showed the highest bioaccumulation, with concentrations exceeding 2.5 μg/g under controlled exposure. Echinoderms, especially sea urchin larvae (P. lividus, Heliocidaris tuberculata), were among the most affected taxa, showing developmental abnormalities such as skeletal malformations and growth retardation. Crustaceans, although less studied, also showed bioaccumulation and enzymatic disorders. Given the persistence of anthropogenic Gd in marine and coastal environments and its increasing medical use, this review highlights the need for improved wastewater treatment technologies, stricter environmental regulations, and further research into the long-term effects on marine biodiversity.
本综述综合了209篇科学出版物中关于海洋和沿海环境中钆（Gd）污染的现有知识。其中，83项研究被选作详细分析，特别关注海洋无脊椎动物类群，以确保有针对性地考察Gd对该类群内关键指示物种的影响。69篇论文（83.1%）关注海洋和沿海生态系统中的Gd浓度，报告的浓度范围为0.00002516至1176.77μg/L。在这83篇论文中，14篇（16.9%）与通过实验室暴露实验得出的Gd生态毒理学效应有关，测试浓度范围为10至5600μg/L。这些研究主要调查了Gd在海洋双壳类动物（如地中海贻贝、太平洋牡蛎、菲律宾蛤仔）、甲壳类动物（美味优游蟹、欧洲褐虾）和棘皮动物（紫海胆、刺冠海胆）中的生物累积和毒性。双壳类动物是研究最多的分类群体，因为它们的滤食行为以及作为金属污染生物指示物的作用。实验室结果表明，Gd暴露会导致氧化应激、代谢紊乱和生殖毒性，尤其是在软体动物和棘皮动物中。地中海贻贝表现出最高的生物累积，在受控暴露下浓度超过2.5μg/g。棘皮动物，尤其是海胆幼虫（紫海胆、瘤海胆），是受影响最大的类群之一，表现出发育异常，如骨骼畸形和生长迟缓。甲壳类动物虽然研究较少，但也表现出生物累积和酶紊乱。鉴于人为来源的Gd在海洋和沿海环境中的持久性及其在医学上的使用不断增加，本综述强调需要改进废水处理技术、制定更严格的环境法规，并进一步研究其对海洋生物多样性的长期影响。
