IMPORTANCE

Health systems worldwide are facing several contextual challenges threatening their sustainability, including aging populations with complex health care needs, workforce shortages, and persistent health disparities, which are driving health care costs. Optimizing health systems to respond to contextual challenges and offer quality care for all requires innovative frameworks like value-based health care (VBHC) and high-value health systems (HVHS) frameworks that focus on improving patient outcomes while minimizing costs.

OBJECTIVE

To examine how value-based initiatives have been introduced in health systems worldwide.

EVIDENCE REVIEW

A comprehensive literature search was conducted across MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Health Business Elite, and Web of Science Core Collection. The search included controlled vocabulary terms relevant to VBHC and covered publications between January 1, 2007, and July 7, 2023. After title and abstract screening, followed by full-text review, experimental, observational, and case studies that examined the implementation of the VBHC framework or its elements were included. Articles that focused solely on insurance, cost-effectiveness analysis, theoretical models without implementation, nonempirical studies (eg, reviews, commentaries), and gray literature (eg, news articles) were excluded.

FINDINGS

Of 11 948 articles initially identified for potential inclusion, the final sample included 50 initiatives, with 47 from high-income countries, 2 from upper-middle-income countries, and 1 from a lower-middle-income country. The review revealed that VBHC adoption remains confined to the departmental or institutional level, with few examples of systemwide or national implementation. Although many initiatives integrated various elements of the VBHC framework and components of the HVHS model, none achieved full implementation of all aspects.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

This scoping review showed that since its formal introduction in 2006, VBHC has been widely recognized as a strategy for improving health system performance, but large-scale adoption will require a strategic shift toward integrating value-based components at national and regional levels. These findings highlight the need for research on effective implementation models, particularly in lower-resource settings, to guide policymakers and health system leaders in scaling VBHC and transitioning toward HVHS.