Alzarea Ekremah A, Al-Kuraishy Hayder M, Al-Gareeb Ali I, Alexiou Athanasios, Papadakis Marios, Beshay Olivia N, Batiha Gaber El-Saber
Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Neuromolecular Med. 2025 May 16;27(1):35. doi: 10.1007/s12017-025-08832-6.
Alzheimer's disease (AD)is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory decline and cognitive impairment .AD is common in people aged > 65 years, though most of AD cases are sporadic, which accounts for 95%, and 1-5% of AD is caused by familial causes . The causes of AD are aging, environmental toxins, and cardiometabolic factors that induce the degeneration of cholinergic neurons. It has been shown that the metabolic syndrome which is a clustering of dissimilar constituents including insulin resistance (IR), glucose intolerance, visceral obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia is implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Metabolic syndrome disapprovingly affects cognitive function and the development in AD by inducing the development of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and brain IR. These changes, together with brain IR, impair cerebrovascular reactivity causing cognitive impairment and dementia. Nevertheless, the fundamental mechanism by which metabolic syndrome persuades AD risk is not entirely explicated. Accordingly, this review aims to discuss the connotation between metabolic syndrome and AD. In conclusion, metabolic syndrome is regarded as a possible risk factor for the initiation of AD neuropathology by diverse signaling pathways such as brain IR, activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, neuroinflammation, defective proteostasis, and dysregulation of lipid mediators.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病，其特征为记忆力减退和认知障碍。AD在65岁以上人群中较为常见，尽管大多数AD病例为散发性，占95%，而1 - 5%的AD由家族性原因引起。AD的病因包括衰老、环境毒素以及导致胆碱能神经元变性的心脏代谢因素。研究表明，代谢综合征，即一种由胰岛素抵抗（IR）、葡萄糖不耐受、内脏肥胖、高血压和血脂异常等不同成分聚集而成的综合征，与AD的发病机制有关。代谢综合征通过诱导氧化应激、神经炎症和脑IR的发展，对AD的认知功能和病情发展产生不利影响。这些变化与脑IR一起，损害脑血管反应性，导致认知障碍和痴呆。然而，代谢综合征增加AD风险的根本机制尚未完全阐明。因此，本综述旨在探讨代谢综合征与AD之间的内在联系。总之，代谢综合征被认为是通过多种信号通路，如脑IR、炎症信号通路激活、神经炎症、蛋白稳态缺陷和脂质介质失调，引发AD神经病理学的一个可能危险因素。
