TRIM16介导头颈癌相关成纤维细胞中的分泌性自噬。

TRIM16 mediates secretory autophagy in head and neck cancer-associated fibroblasts.

作者信息

Ly Thuc, Pickard Bailey, Pandey Avisha, Yap Marrion, Opara Julia, Arnold Levi, Martinez-Rivera Noraida, Rosa-Molinar Eduardo, New Jacob, Werner Lauryn, Farrokhian Nathan, Gunewardena Sumedha, O'Neil Maura, Bur Andres, Anant Shrikant, Washburn Michael P, Barnaba Carlo, Ding Wen-Xing, Thomas Sufi Mary

机构信息

Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.

Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.

出版信息

Autophagy. 2025 May 22:1-24. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2025.2508064.

Abstract

Improving treatment options for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) requires a deeper understanding of the tumor microenvironment, particularly cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). We previously reported that HNSCC-derived FGF2/bFGF (fibroblast growth factor 2) triggers cytokine release from CAFs via secretory autophagy. Here, using transmission electron microscopy, live-cell imaging, and immunofluorescence, we show that CAF autophagosomes transport cargo, including IL6, to the plasma membrane for secretion. Autophagy in CAFs is constitutive and independent of STAT3, MAPK1/ERK2-MAPK3/ERK1 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling. Despite the significant role of secretory autophagy in CAFs, its molecular machinery has remained elusive. Using both a literature based, and an unbiased approach, we studied the molecular machinery involved in autophagosome trafficking in CAFs. We identified TRIM16, a protein previously reported to traffic to autophagosomes, upregulated in CAFs compared to normal oral fibroblasts. Immunohistochemistry of patient HNSCC stroma revealed co-expression of TRIM16 and LC3B, linking TRIM16 to autophagosome function. An unbiased proteomics profiling of immunoprecipitated LC3B vesicles in primary HNSCC CAFs revealed enrichment in trafficking proteins, focal adhesion, and mitochondrial proteins. We demonstrate that SEC22B, SNAP23, VAMP3, and STX4 colocalize with LC3B, IL6, and TRIM16 in CAFs. TRIM16 knockdown reduced autophagosomes at the plasma membrane and decreased IL6 secretion from CAFs. These findings uncover key molecular components involved in autophagy-mediated IL6 secretion in CAFs and suggest potential therapeutic targets for HNSCC.: ACTA2/αSMA: actin alpha 2, smooth muscle; CAF: cancer-associated fibroblasts; CM: conditioned media; CQ: chloroquine; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FGF2/bFGF: fibroblast growth factor 2; FGFR: fibroblast growth factor receptor; GO: gene ontology; GORASP2/GRASP55: golgi reassembly stacking protein 2; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; HPV: human papillomavirus; IL6: interleukin 6; IP: immunoprecipitation; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAPK1/ERK2: mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; MAPK3/ERK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase 3; NFs: normal oral fibroblasts; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; PLA: proximity ligation assay; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; SNAP23: synaptosome associated protein 23; SNARE: soluble N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor; STX4: syntaxin 4; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TGFB1: transforming growth factor beta 1; TMA: tissue microarray; TRIM: tri-partite motif; VAMP: vesicle associated membrane protein; VC: vehicle control.

摘要

改善头颈部鳞状细胞癌(HNSCC)的治疗方案需要更深入地了解肿瘤微环境,尤其是癌症相关成纤维细胞(CAF)。我们之前报道过,HNSCC衍生的FGF2/bFGF(成纤维细胞生长因子2)通过分泌自噬触发CAF释放细胞因子。在此,我们利用透射电子显微镜、活细胞成像和免疫荧光技术,发现CAF自噬体将包括IL6在内的货物运输到质膜进行分泌。CAF中的自噬是组成性的,且独立于STAT3、MAPK1/ERK2 - MAPK3/ERK1和磷酸肌醇3激酶(PI3K)信号通路。尽管分泌自噬在CAF中发挥着重要作用,但其分子机制仍不清楚。我们采用基于文献和无偏向性的方法,研究了参与CAF自噬体运输的分子机制。我们鉴定出TRIM16,一种先前报道可运输至自噬体的蛋白质,与正常口腔成纤维细胞相比,其在CAF中表达上调。对患者HNSCC基质进行免疫组织化学分析,发现TRIM16和LC3B共表达,这表明TRIM16与自噬体功能相关。对原发性HNSCC CAF中免疫沉淀的LC3B囊泡进行无偏向性蛋白质组学分析,发现运输蛋白、粘着斑和线粒体蛋白显著富集。我们证明SEC22B、SNAP23、VAMP3和STX4在CAF中与LC3B、IL6和TRIM16共定位。敲低TRIM16可减少质膜上的自噬体,并降低CAF分泌IL6。这些发现揭示了参与CAF中自噬介导的IL6分泌的关键分子成分,并为HNSCC提供了潜在的治疗靶点:ACTA2/αSMA:平滑肌肌动蛋白α2;CAF:癌症相关成纤维细胞;CM:条件培养基;CQ:氯喹;DAPI:4',6 - 二脒基 - 2 - 苯基吲哚;DMSO:二甲基亚砜;EGFP:增强型绿色荧光蛋白;ELISA:酶联免疫吸附测定;ER:内质网;FGF2/bFGF:成纤维细胞生长因子2;FGFR:成纤维细胞生长因子受体;GO:基因本体;GORASP2/GRASP55:高尔基体重新组装堆叠蛋白2;HMGB1:高迁移率族蛋白B1;HNSCC:头颈部鳞状细胞癌;HPV:人乳头瘤病毒;IL6:白细胞介素6;IP:免疫沉淀;LC - MS/MS:液相色谱 - 质谱/质谱;LIR:LC3相互作用区域;MAP1LC3B/LC3B:微管相关蛋白1轻链3β;MAPK1/ERK2:丝裂原活化蛋白激酶1;MAPK3/ERK1:丝裂原活化蛋白激酶3;NFs:正常口腔成纤维细胞;NSCLC:非小细胞肺癌;PLA:邻近连接分析;SQSTM1/p62:聚集体蛋白1;STAT3:信号转导和转录激活因子3;SNAP23:突触体相关蛋白23;SNARE:可溶性N - 乙基 - 马来酰亚胺敏感因子附着蛋白受体;STX4: Syntaxin 4;TEM:透射电子显微镜;TGFB1:转化生长因子β1;TMA:组织微阵列;TRIM:三方基序;VAMP:囊泡相关膜蛋白;VC:载体对照

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