Liu Yuanqing, Zhou Le, Ma Xuejun, Li Wei, Li Jianhong
Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics. MNR&GZAR, Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS, Guilin 541004, China.
Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, CGS, Tianjin 300309, China.
ACS Omega. 2025 Apr 30;10(18):18391-18403. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c10697. eCollection 2025 May 13.
Groundwater resources are the main sources of water for agricultural production and livelihoods in rural agglomerations (RA) in northern China. In 2018 and 2020, 44 and 28 sets of various groundwater samples were systematically collected, respectively, to advance scientific research and enhance the management of groundwater resources. The study employed the following research methods: Gibbs diagrams, ion ratio relationships, and multivariate statistical analysis. Additionally, the entropy weighted water quality index (EWQI) method was used to assess and compare groundwater quality, and the nitrate hazard quotient (HQ) was employed to evaluate the potential risk of nitrate pollution to different populations. The research results show that the groundwater in the RA is mostly neutral to slightly alkaline, with TDS levels between 219.45 and 857.34 mg/L. The main ions are HCO and Ca. Pore water has more cations and higher levels of F, Cl, and HCO but less SO and NO compared with karst water. The total hardness of the groundwater is between 190.14 and 633.10 mg/L, making it moderately hard. The groundwater is mainly of the HCO-Ca·Mg type. The chemical composition and sources of groundwater are influenced by factors such as the weathering of carbonate rocks dominated by dolomite, reverse cation exchange, agricultural activities, and discharge of domestic sewage. Fertilizers and sewage are key in forming the chemistry of karst/fissure water, while fertilizers and manure mainly affect pore water. The groundwater quality in the RA is generally good to very good, but the increasing nitrate levels annually pose a high potential risk to infants. Areas with medium to high risk are mostly in urban and residential areas. Analyzing the EWQI/HQ assessment outcomes of groundwater chemical parameters between 2018 and 2020, the quality of drinking water showed an improving trend.
地下水资源是中国北方农村聚居区农业生产和生活用水的主要来源。2018年和2020年，分别系统采集了44组和28组各类地下水样本，以推进科学研究并加强地下水资源管理。该研究采用了以下研究方法：吉布斯图、离子比率关系和多元统计分析。此外，采用熵权水质指数（EWQI）法对地下水质量进行评估和比较，并采用硝酸盐危害商数（HQ）评估硝酸盐污染对不同人群的潜在风险。研究结果表明，农村聚居区的地下水大多呈中性至微碱性，总溶解固体（TDS）水平在219.45至857.34毫克/升之间。主要离子为HCO₃⁻和Ca²⁺。与岩溶水相比，孔隙水中的阳离子更多，F⁻、Cl⁻和HCO₃⁻含量更高，但SO₄²⁻和NO₃⁻含量更低。地下水的总硬度在190.14至633.10毫克/升之间，为中等硬度。地下水主要为HCO₃-Ca·Mg型。地下水的化学成分和来源受白云石为主的碳酸盐岩风化、阳离子反向交换、农业活动和生活污水排放等因素影响。化肥和污水是形成岩溶/裂隙水化学性质的关键因素，而化肥和粪肥主要影响孔隙水。农村聚居区的地下水质量总体良好至非常好，但硝酸盐含量逐年上升对婴儿构成了较高的潜在风险。中高风险区域大多位于城市和居民区。分析2018年至2020年地下水化学参数的EWQI/HQ评估结果，饮用水质量呈改善趋势。
