Effective Treatment of Macrophage Activation Syndrome Linked to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Using Interleukin-1 Inhibitor.

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a severe hyperinflammatory condition often associated with autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It presents significant diagnostic challenges due to overlapping clinical features with SLE flares. This case report presents the diagnostic complexities of MAS in a 19-year-old female with SLE and lupus nephritis. She initially presented with persistent fever, cytopenias, hyperferritinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and elevated inflammatory markers. Despite comprehensive evaluation, including a bone marrow biopsy that did not reveal hemophagocytosis, MAS was diagnosed based on clinical and laboratory findings. Initial treatment with high-dose intravenous steroids led to temporary improvement, but symptoms recurred upon tapering. Subsequently, the patient was treated with Anakinra, an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, resulting in rapid clinical recovery and normalization of laboratory values. She remained on Anakinra for six months without experiencing a recurrence of MAS. This case underscores the diagnostic challenges of identifying MAS in patients with SLE and suggests that Anakinra may be an effective treatment option. It highlights the need for further research to refine management strategies for this potentially life-threatening condition.