Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Developments in Pharmacological Treatments.

The immediate goals of pharmacological management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are to minimise symptoms and improve exercise performance. The longer-term goals are to reduce the future risk of exacerbations, lung function decline and mortality. It is now recognised that a subset of COPD patients have type 2 inflammation, which is identified by the presence of higher blood eosinophil counts (BEC). Individuals with higher BEC show a greater response to pharmacological interventions targeting type 2 inflammation, including inhaled corticosteroids and the monoclonal antibody, dupilumab. The use of BEC as a biomarker to guide pharmacological treatment has enabled a precision medicine approach in COPD. This article reviews recent advances in the pharmacological treatment of COPD, encompassing the optimum use of inhaled combination treatments and the evidence to support the use of the novel inhaled phosphodiesterase inhibitor ensifentrine and monoclonal antibodies in patients with COPD.