The role of autophagy in ischemic brain injury.

Ischemic brain injury occurs in many clinical settings, including stroke, cardiac arrest, hypovolemic shock, cardiac surgery, cerebral edema, and cerebral vasospasm. Decades of work have revealed many important mechanisms related to ischemic brain injury. However, there remain significant gaps in the scientific knowledge to reconcile many ischemic brain injury events. Brain ischemia leads to protein misfolding and aggregation, and damages almost all types of subcellular organelles including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, etc. Irreparably damaged organelles and insoluble protein aggregates are normally removed by autophagy. The build-up of common autophagic components, such as LC3, p62, and ubiquitinated proteins, are generally observed in brain tissue samples in animal models of both global and focal brain ischemia, but the interpretation of the role of these autophagy-related changes in ischemic brain injury in the literature has been controversial. Many pathological events or mechanisms underlying dysfunctional autophagy after brain ischemia remain unknown. This review aims to provide an update of the current knowledge and future research directions regarding the critical role of dysfunctional autophagy in ischemic brain injury.