Viazis Stelios, Bazaco Michael C, Blessington Tyann, Seelman Federman Sharon L, Lindsay Meredith, Minor Travis, Nork Brittany, Mattioli Mia C, Marshall Katherine E, Wise Matthew E, Weed Brett, Haendiges Julie, Gieraltowski Laura, Nolte Kurt
Human Foods Program, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States.
Human Foods Program, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States.
J Food Prot. 2025 Jun 23;88(7):100542. doi: 10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100542. Epub 2025 May 19.
Leafy greens are a reoccurring source of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) outbreaks. We summarize data from farm investigations following STEC outbreaks linked to leafy greens conducted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and state and local partners, during 2009-2021. Investigational and laboratory data on multistate STEC outbreaks linked to leafy greens were collected during 2009-2021 from CDC's Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System and FDA's Coordinated Outbreak Response & Evaluation Network. Farm investigation information was retrieved from the FDA Farm Investigation Questionnaires and Investigation Memos. During 2009-2021, there were 49 leafy greens STEC outbreaks; 37 were linked to a specific type of leafy green. Traceback investigations were conducted for 25, and farm investigations for 17. Seven outbreaks were traced back to a single farm, and 10 were traced back to multiple farms. Environmental samples collected per investigation increased over time, and farm investigations since 2018 included a more diverse collection of environmental sample types. This overview includes a summary of the results obtained from the samples collected, including leafy greens, air, water, sediment, animal feces, and soil. The outbreak strain was identified in 6 of 17 investigations by genomic analysis, though sample and testing methods changed over time, increasing the sensitivity for pathogen detection. Collaboration between investigative partners improved the collection of samples and data through contributions from a diverse set of experts and identified possible contamination sources. Improved traceability in the supply chain can help identify single farms for investigations and focused product actions; continued grower outreach and education and adoption of regulations and best practices can help improve leafy green safety; and research to address food safety gaps can help minimize the impact of future outbreaks.
绿叶蔬菜是产志贺毒素大肠杆菌（STEC）疫情反复出现的源头。我们总结了2009年至2021年期间，美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）、疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）以及州和地方合作伙伴针对与绿叶蔬菜相关的STEC疫情开展的农场调查数据。2009年至2021年期间，从CDC的食源性疾病疫情监测系统和FDA的协调疫情应对与评估网络收集了与绿叶蔬菜相关的多州STEC疫情的调查和实验室数据。农场调查信息从FDA农场调查问卷和调查备忘录中获取。2009年至2021年期间，发生了49起绿叶蔬菜STEC疫情；其中37起与特定类型的绿叶蔬菜有关。对25起疫情进行了溯源调查，对17起进行了农场调查。7起疫情追溯到单个农场，10起追溯到多个农场。每次调查收集的环境样本数量随时间增加，自2018年以来的农场调查包括更多种类的环境样本类型。本概述包括从收集的样本（包括绿叶蔬菜、空气、水、沉积物、动物粪便和土壤）中获得的结果总结。通过基因组分析，在17起调查中的6起中鉴定出了疫情菌株，尽管样本和检测方法随时间变化，提高了病原体检测的灵敏度。调查合作伙伴之间的合作通过不同领域专家的贡献，改善了样本和数据的收集，并确定了可能的污染源。供应链中可追溯性的提高有助于确定单个农场进行调查和采取针对性的产品行动；持续开展种植者宣传和教育以及采用相关法规和最佳实践有助于提高绿叶蔬菜的安全性；填补食品安全差距的研究有助于将未来疫情的影响降至最低。
