Peinado Francisco M, Pérez-Cantero Ainhoa, Olivas-Martínez Alicia, Espín-Moreno Lydia, de Haro Tomás, Boada Luis D, Rodríguez-Carrillo Andrea, Govarts Eva, Pedraza-Díaz Susana, Esteban-López Marta, Blaha Ludek, Blahova Lucie, Janasik Beata, Wasowicz Wojciech, Lignell Sanna, Rambaud Loïc, Riou Margaux, Fillol Clémence, Denys Sébastien, Murawski Aline, Brantsæter Anne Lise, Sakhi Amrit Kaur, Iszatt Nina, Schoeters Greet, Kolossa-Gehring Marike, Fernández Mariana F, Mustieles Vicente
University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.
Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
Environ Res. 2025 Sep 1;280:121912. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.121912. Epub 2025 May 21.
Exposure to benzophenone-1 (BP-1) and benzophenone-3 (BP-3), widely used as UV filters in personal care products, has been associated with adverse health effects. However, epidemiological evidence is limited and inconclusive, particularly in vulnerable populations such as teenagers.
To examine the relation between BP-1 and BP-3 concentrations and obesity, cardiometabolic biomarkers, and asthma/allergy outcomes in European teenagers, including possible sex-specific associations.
A multi-country cross-sectional study was conducted using pooled data from six aligned studies from the Human Biomonitoring for Europe Initiative (HBM4EU). Sociodemographic data, cardiometabolic biomarkers, and asthma/allergy outcomes were collected through questionnaires. Anthropometric data and BMI z-scores were calculated (n = 1339). Plasma/serum cardiometabolic biomarkers and asthma/allergy outcomes were available for a subsample (n = 173-594). Urinary BP-1 and BP-3 concentrations were adjusted for creatinine dilution using the traditional standardization (trad.) and the covariate-adjusted creatinine standardization (CAS) method. Generalized additive models, linear, logistic, and multinomial mixed models were applied, and sex-interaction terms were tested.
Each natural log-unit increase in urinary BP-3 (CAS) concentrations was associated with higher odds of obesity in the whole population (OR: 1.20; 95%CI: 1.04-1.38). Sex-specific associations were also found with BP-1 (CAS) and BP-3 (CAS) concentrations, which were associated with higher odds of obesity in male teenagers (OR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.01-1.55; OR: 1.34; 95%CI: 1.09-1.65, respectively). Linear mixed models showed consistent findings toward higher BMI z-scores. A negative association was found between BP-1 (CAS) concentration and serum adiponectin levels in females (% change per log-unit increase: -3.73, 95%CI: -7.32, -0.10). BP-3 (CAS) concentrations were also associated with higher odds of non-food allergies in males (OR: 1.27; 95%CI: 1.00-1.63). Traditional creatinine adjustment showed similar or slightly attenuated estimates compared to the CAS method.
BP-1 and BP-3 exposure was cross-sectionally associated with higher odds of obesity in European male teenagers, highlighting the need to update regulations and keep exposure levels as low as practically achievable. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings.
二苯甲酮-1（BP-1）和二苯甲酮-3（BP-3）作为紫外线过滤剂广泛用于个人护理产品中，其暴露与不良健康影响有关。然而，流行病学证据有限且尚无定论，尤其是在青少年等弱势群体中。
研究欧洲青少年中二苯甲酮-1和二苯甲酮-3浓度与肥胖、心脏代谢生物标志物以及哮喘/过敏结局之间的关系，包括可能存在的性别特异性关联。
利用欧洲人类生物监测倡议（HBM4EU）六项队列研究的汇总数据进行了一项多国横断面研究。通过问卷调查收集社会人口统计学数据、心脏代谢生物标志物以及哮喘/过敏结局。计算人体测量数据和BMI z评分（n = 1339）。血浆/血清心脏代谢生物标志物和哮喘/过敏结局数据来自一个子样本（n = 173 - 594）。采用传统标准化（trad.）和协变量调整的肌酐标准化（CAS）方法对尿中BP-1和BP-3浓度进行肌酐稀释校正。应用广义相加模型、线性、逻辑和多项混合模型，并检验性别交互项。
尿中BP-3（CAS）浓度每增加一个自然对数单位，整个人群肥胖的几率就会升高（比值比：1.20；95%置信区间：1.04 - 1.38）。还发现了BP-1（CAS）和BP-3（CAS）浓度与性别相关的关联，在男性青少年中，它们与肥胖几率升高有关（比值比分别为：1.25；95%置信区间：1.01 - 1.55；1.34；95%置信区间：1.09 - 1.65）。线性混合模型对较高的BMI z评分显示出一致的结果。在女性中，BP-1（CAS）浓度与血清脂联素水平呈负相关（每增加一个对数单位的变化百分比：-3.73，95%置信区间：-7.32，-0.10）。BP-3（CAS）浓度也与男性非食物过敏几率升高有关（比值比：1.27；区间：1.00 - 1.63）。与CAS方法相比，传统的肌酐校正显示出相似或略低的估计值。
在欧洲男性青少年中，BP-1和BP-3暴露与肥胖几率升高存在横断面关联；这突出表明需要更新相关规定，并将暴露水平尽可能保持在实际可行的低水平。需要进行纵向研究以证实这些发现。
