Juranek Jakub F, Wojtkiewicz Maja, Juranek Judyta K, Szuszkiewicz Jarosław, Jóźwik Marcin, Wojtkiewicz Joanna
Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jaracza 1, 00-378 Warsaw, Poland.
Department of Geomatics and Cartography, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Land Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
J Clin Med. 2025 May 12;14(10):3343. doi: 10.3390/jcm14103343.
COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, emerged in late 2019 and rapidly became a global pandemic, affecting over 200 countries. The pandemic has had profound impacts on global health, the economy, and mental health, leading to increased anxiety and more cases of posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population. This study aimed to evaluate the factors influencing the long-term psychological effects, both positive and negative, seen in the late stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland (starting in the second half of 2021). It combined specific COVID-19 anxiety factors with a broader general mental health assessment to identify significant associations. Data were collected from 416 participants through paper-based and online questionnaires, with 235 valid responses gathered in total. This study utilized the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale; General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28); and, to study Positive Trauma Effects (PTEs) and Negative Trauma Effects (NTEs), the Changes in Outlook Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using the R language and a Generalized Additive Model analysis was also performed. The study found generally low levels of COVID-19 anxiety and mental distress among participants. Significant predictors of NTEs included COVID-19 anxiety and general mental health status, which explained 47% of the variance. PTEs were significantly associated with gender, with women experiencing higher PTE levels relative to men. The findings indicate that combining specific ailment anxiety measurements with general mental health assessments enhances our ability to predict Negative Trauma Effects. Addressing mental health symptomatology and well-being during mass health crises is crucial to mitigate long-lasting psychological damage.
由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）病毒引起的2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）于2019年末出现，并迅速成为全球大流行，影响了200多个国家。这场大流行对全球健康、经济和心理健康产生了深远影响，导致普通人群焦虑情绪增加，创伤后应激障碍病例增多。本研究旨在评估影响在波兰2019冠状病毒病大流行后期（从2021年下半年开始）出现的长期心理影响（包括积极和消极影响）的因素。该研究将特定的2019冠状病毒病焦虑因素与更广泛的总体心理健康评估相结合，以确定显著的关联。通过纸质问卷和在线问卷从416名参与者那里收集数据，总共收集到235份有效回复。本研究使用了冠状病毒焦虑量表、一般健康问卷（GHQ-28）；并且，为了研究积极创伤效应（PTEs）和消极创伤效应（NTEs），还使用了观点变化问卷。使用R语言进行数据分析，同时也进行了广义相加模型分析。研究发现参与者的2019冠状病毒病焦虑和心理困扰总体水平较低。消极创伤效应的显著预测因素包括2019冠状病毒病焦虑和总体心理健康状况，这两个因素解释了47%的方差。积极创伤效应与性别显著相关，女性的积极创伤效应水平相对于男性更高。研究结果表明，将特定疾病焦虑测量与总体心理健康评估相结合可增强我们预测消极创伤效应的能力。在大规模健康危机期间解决心理健康症状和幸福感问题对于减轻长期心理伤害至关重要。
