Gade Shilpkala, So Yin, Mishra Deepakkumar, Baviskar Shubhamkumar M, Assiri Ahmad A, Glover Katie, Sheshala Ravi, Vora Lalitkumar K, Thakur Raghu Raj Singh
School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia.
Pharmaceutics. 2025 May 1;17(5):599. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17050599.
Complex anatomical and physiological barriers make the eye a challenging organ to treat from a drug delivery perspective. Currently available treatment methods (topical eyedrops) for anterior segment diseases pose several limitations in terms of bioavailability and patient compliance. Conventional drug delivery methods to treat posterior segment ocular diseases are primarily intravitreal injection (IVT) of solutions. IVT is highly invasive and leads to retinal toxicity, endophthalmitis, and intraocular inflammation, frequently requiring professional administration and frequent clinical visits. Advanced drug delivery treatment strategies could improve patient compliance and convenience. Long-acting drug delivery platforms (biodegradable or nonbiodegradable) provide sustained/controlled release of drugs for at least four to six months. Smart drug delivery alternatives, for instance, in situ forming implants, are injectable formulations that form semisolid-to-solid implants in response to the various stimuli of pH, light, osmolarity, and temperature. Additionally, nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, contact lenses, electrospun patches, and microneedle-based drug delivery systems provide minimally invasive treatment options for ocular disorders. This comprehensive review focuses on advanced drug delivery options for the management of ocular disorders.
复杂的解剖学和生理学屏障使得从药物递送角度来看，眼睛成为一个具有挑战性的治疗器官。目前用于前段疾病的治疗方法（局部滴眼液）在生物利用度和患者依从性方面存在若干局限性。治疗后段眼部疾病的传统药物递送方法主要是玻璃体内注射溶液。玻璃体内注射具有高度侵入性，会导致视网膜毒性、眼内炎和眼内炎症，常常需要专业给药且频繁进行临床就诊。先进的药物递送治疗策略可以提高患者的依从性和便利性。长效药物递送平台（可生物降解或不可生物降解）可实现药物持续/控释至少四至六个月。智能药物递送替代方案，例如原位形成植入物，是可注射制剂，可根据pH值、光、渗透压和温度等各种刺激形成半固体至固体植入物。此外，纳米颗粒药物递送系统、隐形眼镜、电纺贴片和基于微针的药物递送系统为眼部疾病提供了微创治疗选择。这篇综述聚焦于用于眼部疾病管理的先进药物递送选择。
