Improving Nutrient Use Efficiency of Rice Under Alternative Wetting and Drying Irrigation Combined with Slow-Release Nitrogen Fertilization.

Rice ( L.), a key global staple crop; requires optimized nitrogen (N) and water management to achieve sustainable production under water-limited conditions while minimizing environmental pollution. Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) under limited water availability is essential for sustainable rice production. This study investigated the combined effects of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) water management and slow-release fertilizer (SRF) on NUE photosynthesis; and growth in two rice cultivars; Samgwang (SG) and Milyang#360 (ML). Growth traits; including shoot and grain biomass; were significantly improved under AWD; especially when combined with SRF in the SG cultivar. Photosynthetic rate (Pn) was highest in SG under SRF + AWD treatment. Gene expression analysis revealed that AWD and SRF modulate the expression of nitrogen uptake and assimilation-related genes in a genotype-specific manner. The total nitrogen (N) content; NUE; and nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) were highest under the SRF + AWD treatment. Additionally; the SRF + AWD treatment promoted carbohydrate accumulation in roots; potentially enhancing nutrient uptake under water-limited conditions. These findings highlight the combined application of SRF + AWD as a synergistic and genotype-responsive strategy that improves NUE and crop yield while conserving water and nitrogen resources. Our study provides a practical basis for integrating water and nitrogen management to improve resource efficiency and sustainability in rice cultivation.