Bernhard Wolfgang, Shunova Anna, Graepler-Mainka Ute, Hilberath Johannes, Wiechers Cornelia, Poets Christian F, Franz Axel R
Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
Department of General Pediatrics, Hematology & Oncology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
Nutrients. 2025 May 9;17(10):1632. doi: 10.3390/nu17101632.
: Sufficient choline supply is essential for tissue functions via phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin within membranes and secretions like bile, lipoproteins and surfactant, and in one-carbon metabolism via betaine. Choline requirements are linked to age and genetics, folate and cobalamin via betaine, and arachidonic (ARA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid transport via the phosphatidylcholine moiety of lipoproteins. Groups at risk of choline deficiency include preterm infants, children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and patients dependent on parenteral nutrition. Fortifiers, formula and supplements may differently impact their choline supply. : To evaluate added amounts of choline, folate, cobalamin, ARA and DHA in fortifiers, supplements and formula used in pediatric care from product files. : Nutrient contents from commonly used products, categorized by age and patient groups, were obtained from public sources. Data are shown as medians and interquartile ranges. : 105 nutritional products including fortifiers, formula and products for special indications were analyzed. Choline concentrations were comparable in preterm and term infant formulas (≤6 months) (31.9 [27.6-33.3] vs. 33.3 [30.8-35.2] mg/100 kcal). Products for toddlers, and patients with CF, kidney or Crohn's disease showed Choline levels from 0 to 39 mg/100 kcal. Several products contain milk components and lecithin-based emulsifiers potentially increasing choline content beyond indicated amounts. : Choline addition is standardized in formula for term and preterm infants up to 6 months, but not in other products. Choline content may be higher in several products due to non-declared sources. The potential impact of insufficient choline supply in patients at risk for choline deficiency suggests the need for biochemical analysis of products.
充足的胆碱供应对于组织功能至关重要，它通过膜内的磷脂酰胆碱和鞘磷脂以及胆汁、脂蛋白和表面活性剂等分泌物发挥作用，并通过甜菜碱参与一碳代谢。胆碱需求量与年龄、遗传因素、通过甜菜碱与叶酸和钴胺素相关，以及通过脂蛋白的磷脂酰胆碱部分与花生四烯酸（ARA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）的转运相关。有胆碱缺乏风险的人群包括早产儿、囊性纤维化（CF）患儿以及依赖肠外营养的患者。强化剂、配方奶粉和补充剂对他们胆碱供应的影响可能不同。
从产品文件中评估儿科护理中使用的强化剂、补充剂和配方奶粉中胆碱、叶酸、钴胺素、ARA和DHA的添加量。
从公共来源获取按年龄和患者群体分类的常用产品的营养成分。数据以中位数和四分位间距表示。
分析了105种营养产品，包括强化剂、配方奶粉和特殊适应症产品。早产和足月婴儿配方奶粉（≤6个月）中的胆碱浓度相当（31.9 [27.6 - 33.3] 与33.3 [30.8 - 35.2] mg/100 kcal）。幼儿产品以及CF、肾脏或克罗恩病患者的产品胆碱水平为0至39 mg/100 kcal。几种产品含有牛奶成分和基于卵磷脂的乳化剂，可能会使胆碱含量超过标明量。
6个月以下足月和早产婴儿配方奶粉中胆碱添加量已标准化，但其他产品未标准化。由于来源未申报，几种产品中的胆碱含量可能更高。胆碱缺乏风险患者中胆碱供应不足的潜在影响表明需要对产品进行生化分析。
