de Arruda Leite Bianca, Rossato Bruno, Gravato Carlos, Dorta Daniel Junqueira, de Oliveira Danielle Palma
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2025 Oct;296:110236. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2025.110236. Epub 2025 May 28.
Fipronil sulfone is a persistent oxidative metabolite of the insecticide fipronil, frequently detected in aquatic systems and known to exert neurotoxic effects on non-target organisms. Despite its environmental relevance, the developmental impacts of fipronil sulfone remain underexplored. In this study, zebrafish embryos and larvae were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of fipronil sulfone (12.5-1000 μg/L) at different developmental stages (24, 48, 72, 120, and 144 hpf). Morphological, behavioral, and biochemical endpoints were assessed. Exposure to concentrations ≥125 μg/L significantly reduced swim bladder inflation (up to 100 % inhibition at ≥250 μg/L) and induced spinal curvature in over 60 % of larvae. Survival decreased progressively with increasing concentrations, reaching 100 % mortality at 1000 μg/L. Larvae exposed to 125 μg/L also exhibited hyperactivity followed by reduced locomotion, likely due to blocked GABAergic receptors and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Moreover, oxidative stress was confirmed by increased reactive oxygen species and glutathione S-transferase activity. These findings demonstrate that even low concentrations of fipronil sulfone can compromise neurodevelopment and survival in zebrafish, underscoring the need for its inclusion in environmental monitoring and risk assessment frameworks.
氟虫腈砜是杀虫剂氟虫腈的一种持久性氧化代谢产物，在水生系统中经常被检测到，并且已知会对非目标生物产生神经毒性作用。尽管其具有环境相关性，但氟虫腈砜对发育的影响仍未得到充分研究。在本研究中，斑马鱼胚胎和幼体在不同发育阶段（受精后24、48、72、120和144小时）暴露于环境相关浓度的氟虫腈砜（12.5 - 1000微克/升）。评估了形态学、行为学和生化指标。暴露于≥125微克/升的浓度会显著降低鳔充气（在≥250微克/升时抑制率高达100%），并在超过60%的幼体中诱导脊柱弯曲。存活率随着浓度的增加而逐渐降低，在1000微克/升时达到100%死亡率。暴露于125微克/升的幼体还表现出多动，随后运动减少，这可能是由于GABA能受体受阻和乙酰胆碱酯酶受到抑制。此外，活性氧和谷胱甘肽S - 转移酶活性增加证实了氧化应激。这些发现表明，即使是低浓度的氟虫腈砜也会损害斑马鱼的神经发育和生存，强调了将其纳入环境监测和风险评估框架的必要性。
