Rodríguez Del Río Álvaro, Scheu Stefan, Rillig Matthias C
Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
JFB Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
Nat Commun. 2025 May 31;16(1):5058. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-60390-4.
Anthropogenic activities impose multiple concurrent pressures on soils globally, but responses of soil microbes to multiple global change factors are poorly understood. Here, we apply 10 treatments (warming, drought, nitrogen deposition, salinity, heavy metal, microplastics, antibiotics, fungicides, herbicides and insecticides) individually and in combinations of 8 factors to soil samples, and monitor their bacterial and viral composition by metagenomic analysis. We recover 742 mostly unknown bacterial and 1865 viral Metagenome-Assembled Genomes (MAGs), and leverage them to describe microbial populations under different treatment conditions. The application of multiple factors selects for prokaryotic and viral communities different from any individual factor, favouring the proliferation of potentially pathogenic mycobacteria and novel phages, which apparently play a role in shaping prokaryote communities. We also build a 25 M gene catalog to show that multiple factors select for metabolically diverse, sessile and non-biofilm-forming bacteria with a high load of antibiotic resistance genes. Finally, we show that novel genes are relevant for understanding microbial response to global change. Our study indicates that multiple factors impose selective pressures on soil prokaryotes and viruses not observed at the individual factor level, and emphasizes the need of studying the effect of concurrent global change treatments.
人为活动在全球范围内给土壤带来了多种并发压力，但土壤微生物对多种全球变化因素的响应却鲜为人知。在此，我们将10种处理（变暖、干旱、氮沉降、盐度、重金属、微塑料、抗生素、杀真菌剂、除草剂和杀虫剂）单独以及以8种因素的组合方式应用于土壤样本，并通过宏基因组分析监测其细菌和病毒组成。我们获得了742个大多未知的细菌和1865个病毒宏基因组组装基因组（MAG），并利用它们来描述不同处理条件下的微生物种群。多种因素的应用选择出了与任何单个因素都不同的原核生物和病毒群落，有利于潜在致病分枝杆菌和新型噬菌体的增殖，它们显然在塑造原核生物群落中发挥作用。我们还构建了一个25M的基因目录，以表明多种因素选择出了代谢多样、固着且不形成生物膜的细菌，这些细菌带有高负荷的抗生素抗性基因。最后，我们表明新基因对于理解微生物对全球变化的响应至关重要。我们的研究表明，多种因素对土壤原核生物和病毒施加了在单个因素水平上未观察到的选择压力，并强调了研究全球变化并发处理效果的必要性。
