Goerke H
MMW Munch Med Wochenschr. 1977 Apr 1;119(13):417-22.
The facial expression of the patient has demonstrably occupied doctors with regard to diagnosis and prognosis even in ancient times. Physiognomy found acceptance in the medicine of modern times, particularly through the publications of Johann Caspar Lavater (1741-1801), Carl Gustav Carus (1789-1869) and then, after 1838, of Karl Heinrich Baumgärtner (1798-1886) who took advantage of lithography, which had just come into use, to reproduce pictures of patients. In the thirties of our century, patient physiognomy has undergone a renaissance (Killian, Fervers, Risak, Lange and others) which was repeated in the sixties. In the last decades, the interest was almost always an expression of dissatisfaction with an exclusively scientifically oriented medicine.
即使在古代，患者的面部表情在诊断和预后方面显然也引起了医生的关注。相面术在现代医学中得到了认可，特别是通过约翰·卡斯帕·拉瓦特尔（1741 - 1801）、卡尔·古斯塔夫·卡鲁斯（1789 - 1869）的著作，然后在1838年之后，卡尔·海因里希·鲍姆加特纳（1798 - 1886）利用刚开始使用的平版印刷术来复制患者的图片，进一步推动了相面术的发展。在本世纪三十年代，患者相面术经历了一次复兴（基利安、费弗斯、里萨克、兰格等人），六十年代又再次出现。在过去几十年里，这种兴趣几乎总是对完全以科学为导向的医学表示不满的一种体现。
