Migrant and Non-migrant Views on Immigration in Europe.

Attitudes toward immigration are usually investigated from the non-migrant residents' perspective. Much less is known about how perceptions of immigration policy and immigrants vary across immigration background lines, especially in the wider European context, and whether migrants' attitudes toward immigration are affected by the same factors and in the same way as those of the non-migrant population. With still-growing populations of migrants and their descendants in Europe, it is, however, crucial to study interethnic relations not only between migrant and non-migrant populations but also among different immigrant groups. Firstly, we investigate whether immigration attitudes among European migrants are based on intergroup solidarity or, rather, an intergroup threat toward new immigrants and whether minority-specific characteristics have differential effects across the (non-)migrant populations. We uncover that first- and second-generation immigrants' attitudes toward immigration are mostly guided by intergroup solidarity with other immigrants. Our results also show that first-generation immigrants' attitudes become more negative the longer they stay in the host country. Finally, we demonstrate that minority-specific characteristics work differently across our three subsamples and across different destination countries. Our analysis is based on nine rounds of the European Social Survey from 20 European countries and by estimating multilevel regression models of individual factors affecting (non-)migrants' attitudes. The findings contribute to our broader understanding of social cohesion, social inclusion and intergroup conflict.