Pinto Isabel R, Carvalho Catarina L, Dias Carina, Lopes Paula, Alves Sara, de Carvalho Cátia, Marques José M
Center for Psychology at University of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Front Psychol. 2020 Aug 14;11:1875. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01875. eCollection 2020.
The Western hemisphere has witnessed recent increased immigration flows generating social and political debate across Europe. In one view, migration flows represent an opportunity to construct a diverse social cohesion. In another view, migration flows are perceived as a threat to existent national cultures. This view is held by political nationalisms and right-wing populist forces installed in the majority of EU countries' parliaments, accentuating discrimination against immigrants and residents in Europe. We theorize that European identity predicts positive attitudes toward immigrants (prosocial behavior and support for inclusive policies), whereas national identity's predictions of attitudes toward immigrants' inclusion depends on participants' political tendency. Moreover, we test the mediation effect of positive (humanitarian concerns and economic benefit) and negative (jobs scarcity, cultural deterioration, and invasion) arguments used in political discourses regarding immigrants' inclusion on the relation between national and European identities and attitudes toward immigrants' inclusion. Results (Portuguese sample, = 176) show that national identity predicts negative attitudes toward immigrants' inclusion, but only among right-wing individuals. Among left-wing individuals, national identity predicts less contestation to immigrant's inclusion sustained by humanitarian concerns. Interestingly, European identification weakened right-wing individuals' adherence to discriminatory arguments and increased perceived economic contribution that immigrants bring to society, increasing agreement with prosocial behavior and immigrants' inclusion. We discuss that European identity, sustained in humanitarian values and economic benefit, may stimulate a stronger multicultural social cohesion, intergroup trust, and social well-being based on democratic values, social justice, and equality, and on the respect for human dignity.
西半球近期见证了移民潮的增加，这在欧洲引发了社会和政治辩论。一种观点认为，移民潮是构建多元社会凝聚力的契机。另一种观点则认为，移民潮被视为对现有民族文化的威胁。这种观点为大多数欧盟国家议会中的政治民族主义和右翼民粹主义势力所持有，加剧了对欧洲移民和居民的歧视。我们提出理论，欧洲身份预示着对移民的积极态度（亲社会行为和对包容性政策的支持），而民族身份对移民融入态度的预测则取决于参与者的政治倾向。此外，我们检验了政治话语中用于讨论移民融入的积极（人道主义关切和经济利益）和消极（工作岗位稀缺、文化衰退和入侵）论点在民族身份与欧洲身份以及对移民融入态度之间关系上的中介作用。结果（葡萄牙样本， = 176）表明，民族身份预示着对移民融入的消极态度，但仅在右翼个体中如此。在左翼个体中，民族身份预示着对基于人道主义关切的移民融入的反对较少。有趣的是，欧洲认同削弱了右翼个体对歧视性论点的坚持，并增加了对移民给社会带来的经济贡献的认知，从而增加了对亲社会行为和移民融入的认同。我们讨论了基于人道主义价值观和经济利益的欧洲身份可能会促进基于民主价值观、社会正义和平等以及对人类尊严的尊重的更强大的多元文化社会凝聚力、群体间信任和社会福祉。
