Human adenovirus is a significant viral pathogen causing lower respiratory tract infections in children, prone to developing into severe pneumonia and systemic inflammation with a high mortality rate, especially in immunocompromised children, drawing widespread attention worldwide. Sepsis, a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated inflammatory response to infection, has historically been focused on bacterial origins. However, nearly all viruses can cause sepsis, which is often underestimated in clinical settings. In recent years, severe infections and even sepsis caused by adenovirus have shown a trend of periodic outbreaks. Early diagnosis of adenovirus-induced sepsis can not only prevent the overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics but also ensure that patients receive timely and appropriate antiviral treatment. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and recent advances in treatment strategies for viral sepsis caused by adenovirus.