Characterization of bismuth-based photocatalyst for microcystin-LR degradation and mechanism: a critical review.

The utilization of bismuth (Bi)-based photocatalysts for the degradation of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) has gained significant attention in recent years owing to their promising photocatalytic properties. This paper critically reviews the characterization and mechanisms of Bi-based photocatalysts for MC-LR degradation. Bi-based materials, particularly Bi oxyhalides and Bi oxides, have shown excellent photocatalytic performance in degrading MC-LR under visible-light irradiation. Various synthesis methods, including hydrothermal, solvothermal and template-assisted methods, have been discussed to tailor the morphology and properties of Bi-based photocatalysts for enhanced MC-LR degradation. The photocatalytic mechanisms involved in MC-LR degradation by Bi-based photocatalysts are elucidated, highlighting the roles of reactive oxygen species and electron-hole pairs in the degradation process. Additionally, the factors influencing the photocatalytic activity of Bi-based photocatalysts, such as crystal structure, surface area and doping, are discussed. Challenges and future prospects in developing and applying Bi-based photocatalysts for MC-LR degradation are also addressed, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize their performance for practical environmental remediation applications.