Giacaman Rita, Ghandour Rula, Hammoudeh Weeam
Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine.
Front Public Health. 2025 May 22;13:1557817. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1557817. eCollection 2025.
This study presents findings from a cross-sectional household survey conducted among Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied West Bank to assess the reported prevalence of human rights violations committed by various potential perpetrators.
We used a context-specific tool developed from the ground up using qualitative methods to enhance our understanding of what Palestinians consider to be human rights violations. This tool aligns with our conceptualization of potential perpetrators, which includes the family, the community, the Palestinian Authority, and the Israeli military occupier and colonizer of Palestinian land.
Overall, as many as 60% of participants reported being exposed to one or more human rights violations, with the most frequently reported being restrictions on mobility, safety, freedom, and the exercise of political rights. Regression analysis revealed that women were more likely to report violations perpetrated by the family compared to men, whereas men were more likely to report violations by the Palestinian Authority and the Israeli military occupier. Palestinians living in Area C, fully controlled by Israel and where illegal Israeli settlements on confiscated Palestinian land are located, had higher odds of reporting experiences of general human rights violations, alongside those committed by the Israeli military occupier, the Palestinian Authority, and the family. Participants with lower educational levels and those from poorer backgrounds had higher odds of reporting human rights violations by all offenders.
This study underscores the importance of considering the family and community as potential human rights perpetrators and highlights the significance of using mixed methods in research to ground findings in participant experiences. Particularly during wartime, as violence permeates daily life, the combination of violations from family, community, government, and military occupiers is likely to be synergistic, exacerbating the experienced suffering and making life increasingly difficult to endure. This may also lead to significant negative impacts on health, whether physical or mental, as health is fundamentally a social and political construct.
本研究展示了一项在以色列占领的约旦河西岸对巴勒斯坦人进行的横断面家庭调查结果，以评估各类潜在犯罪者所报告的侵犯人权行为的发生率。
我们使用了一种专门针对具体情况从头开发的工具，该工具采用定性方法以增进我们对巴勒斯坦人所认为的侵犯人权行为的理解。此工具与我们对潜在犯罪者的概念界定相符，其中包括家庭、社区、巴勒斯坦权力机构以及巴勒斯坦土地的以色列军事占领者和殖民者。
总体而言，多达60%的参与者报告称遭受过一种或多种人权侵犯，最常报告的是行动、安全、自由以及政治权利行使方面的限制。回归分析显示，与男性相比，女性更有可能报告来自家庭的侵犯行为，而男性则更有可能报告巴勒斯坦权力机构和以色列军事占领者的侵犯行为。生活在C区（完全由以色列控制且有以色列在没收的巴勒斯坦土地上的非法定居点）的巴勒斯坦人，报告普遍人权侵犯经历以及来自以色列军事占领者、巴勒斯坦权力机构和家庭的侵犯行为的几率更高。教育水平较低和背景较贫困的参与者报告所有犯罪者侵犯人权行为的几率更高。
本研究强调了将家庭和社区视为潜在人权犯罪者的重要性，并突出了在研究中使用混合方法以使研究结果基于参与者经历的重要性。特别是在战时，随着暴力渗透到日常生活中，来自家庭、社区、政府和军事占领者的侵犯行为可能具有协同作用，加剧所经历的痛苦并使生活愈发难以忍受。这也可能对健康产生重大负面影响，无论是身体上还是精神上，因为健康从根本上来说是一种社会和政治建构。
