Singh Akanksha, Negi Pradeep Singh
Department of Fruit and Vegetable Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India.
J Food Sci. 2025 Jun;90(6):e70304. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.70304.
A growing demand for sustainable methods to valorize agricultural by-products underscores the need for efficient, green extraction techniques. This study evaluated ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from Citrus reticulata Blanco peel and pomace using multivariate analysis across six key metrics: total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content, and four antioxidant assays. UAE significantly outperformed conventional extraction (CE), achieving a 207% higher average composite performance score (2.94 vs. 0.95), on the basis of a heatmap-derived SUM(P*) index. The best UAE sample (S9: peel-aqueous-UAE) achieved a score of 5.33 out of 6, compared to 2.01 for the best CE sample (S3), highlighting the superior efficiency of UAE. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinct clustering of UAE samples, confirming their enhanced biochemical profiles. UAE also reduced energy consumption to 0.065 kWh (77% less than CE) while maintaining high antioxidant performance. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed functional groups characteristic of phenolics, and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-HRMS identified catechin, neohesperidin, and nomilinic acid derivatives as major bioactives. These findings establish a robust, data-driven framework for optimizing sustainable extraction of food-grade antioxidants from citrus residues. This validated UAE approach enables efficient, low-energy recovery of phenolics from citrus waste, offering immediate potential for integration into food, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industry supply chains under circular economy models. Practical Application: Ultrasound technology may help to recover valuable natural antioxidants from citrus peel and pomace, materials often discarded during juice production. The method uses sound waves to create cavitation, which gently breaks plant cells and releases beneficial compounds more efficiently. These extracts can be used to enrich functional food products or dietary supplements with natural ingredients. By combining this method with multivariate analysis that assesses quality indicators, it becomes easier to identify the most effective processing conditions. This approach may also be useful for food, cosmetic, and nutraceutical industries seeking to reduce waste and develop cleaner, more sustainable products.
对可持续利用农业副产品方法的需求不断增长，凸显了高效绿色提取技术的必要性。本研究通过多变量分析，对来自 Citrus reticulata Blanco 果皮和果渣中的生物活性化合物进行超声辅助提取（UAE），涉及六个关键指标：总酚含量（TPC）、类黄酮含量和四种抗氧化剂测定。基于热图得出的 SUM(P*) 指数，UAE 的表现显著优于传统提取法（CE），平均综合性能得分高出 207%（2.94 对 0.95）。最佳的 UAE 样品（S9：果皮 - 水相 - UAE）在 6 分制中得分为 5.33，而最佳的 CE 样品（S3）得分为 2.01，突出了 UAE 的卓越效率。主成分分析（PCA）显示 UAE 样品有明显聚类，证实了其增强的生化特征。UAE 还将能耗降低至 0.065 千瓦时（比 CE 少 77%），同时保持高抗氧化性能。傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）证实了酚类的官能团特征，超高效液相色谱（UHPLC）- 高分辨率质谱（HRMS）鉴定出儿茶素、新橙皮苷和诺米林酸衍生物为主要生物活性成分。这些发现建立了一个强大的、数据驱动的框架，用于优化从柑橘残渣中可持续提取食品级抗氧化剂。这种经过验证的 UAE 方法能够高效、低能耗地从柑橘废料中回收酚类物质，在循环经济模式下，具有立即整合到食品、营养保健品和化妆品行业供应链中的潜力。实际应用：超声技术可能有助于从柑橘皮和果渣中回收有价值的天然抗氧化剂，这些材料在果汁生产过程中常被丢弃。该方法利用声波产生空化作用，能温和地打破植物细胞并更有效地释放有益化合物。这些提取物可用于用天然成分丰富功能性食品或膳食补充剂。通过将这种方法与评估质量指标的多变量分析相结合，更容易确定最有效的加工条件。这种方法对于寻求减少浪费并开发更清洁、更可持续产品的食品、化妆品和营养保健品行业也可能有用。
