Asaad Hawzhin Abdulkhaleq, Ahmed Ali Hassan
Department of Physics, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Iraq.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2025 Nov;225:111948. doi: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.111948. Epub 2025 May 31.
Radiometric monitoring is important for assessing indoor exposure due to ionizing radiation from cooking dishes, particularly in Erbil, Kurdistan, where standards and guidelines are crucial. For this purpose, a gamma-ray spectroscopy NaI (Tl) detector was used to measure the activity levels of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in 65 selected samples of meal dishes made of: clay, porcelain, and ceramic. The average activity concentration levels of 226Ra in the examined samples were 65.86±7.08 Bq. kg (mean±SD), ranging from 36.48 Bq. kg (SCL-5) to 106.92 Bq. kg (SCL-11), the average activities of 232Th were 41.40±7.81 Bq. kg (mean ±SD), with a range from 13.4 (SCE-8) to 82.65 (SCE-42), and the average activity of 40K was 700.84±84.59 Bq. kg (mean±SD), with a range from 274.66 (SCE-6) to 1572.56 (SP-2). The average concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and K exceed the mean values documented by UNSCEAR. More specific regulations are necessary to govern the purchase and sale of both local and imported housewares. The assessed radiological risk criteria included radium equivalent activity (Ra), indoor annual effective dose rate (AED ), external hazard index (H), internal hazard index (H), representative alpha index (I), and gamma index (I), and effective dose rate to different body organs (D) are well within the global safety limits established by UNSCEAR, while the other radiological parameters like absorbed dose rate (D) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) are above safety limits. This study employed statistical methods to clarify the statistical properties of measured radionuclide-specific activities and the associated radiological risk criteria, including normality tests, skewness, kurtosis, and matrix correlation coefficients. The study recommends stricter regulations for the dish industry, particularly in Kurdistan, regarding the purchase and sale of domestic cooking utensils due to radioactivity.
放射性监测对于评估烹饪器具产生的电离辐射所致的室内暴露至关重要，尤其是在库尔德斯坦的埃尔比勒，当地标准和指南至关重要。为此，使用了一台伽马射线能谱碘化钠（铊）探测器来测量65个选定的由黏土、瓷器和陶瓷制成的餐具样本中226镭、232钍和40钾的活度水平。所检测样本中226镭的平均活度浓度水平为65.86±7.08贝克勒尔/千克（均值±标准差），范围从36.48贝克勒尔/千克（SCL - 5）到106.92贝克勒尔/千克（SCL - 11）；232钍的平均活度为41.40±7.81贝克勒尔/千克（均值±标准差），范围从13.4（SCE - 8）到82.65（SCE - 42）；40钾的平均活度为700.84±84.59贝克勒尔/千克（均值±标准差），范围从274.66（SCE - 6）到1572.56（SP - 2）。226镭、232钍和钾的平均浓度超过了联合国原子辐射效应科学委员会记录的均值。需要更具体的法规来管理本地和进口家用器具的买卖。评估的放射风险标准包括镭当量活度（Ra）、室内年有效剂量率（AED）、外照射危害指数（H）、内照射危害指数（H）、代表性α指数（I）和γ指数（I），以及不同身体器官的有效剂量率（D），均在联合国原子辐射效应科学委员会设定的全球安全限值范围内，而其他放射学参数如吸收剂量率（D）和终生超额癌症风险（ELCR）则高于安全限值。本研究采用统计方法来阐明所测放射性核素比活度的统计特性以及相关的放射风险标准，包括正态性检验、偏度、峰度和矩阵相关系数。该研究建议针对餐具行业，尤其是库尔德斯坦地区，因其放射性对家用烹饪器具的买卖制定更严格的法规。
