Chong Yue, Xue Li, Peng Zihe, Wang Zhenlong, Fu Delai, Huang Zhixin, Chong Tie
Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Ann Hum Genet. 2025 Nov;89(6):434-445. doi: 10.1111/ahg.70002. Epub 2025 Jun 9.
Inflammation has been reported to be associated with urethral stricture, whereas rarely any studies have reported the causal relationship between inflammatory cytokines and urethral stricture. We investigated the causal effects between inflammatory cytokines and urethral stricture with Mendelian randomization (MR).
Genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics on 41 inflammatory cytokines from 8293 Finns and 787 patients with urethral stricture were included for bidirectional MR analysis. The causality between inflammatory cytokines and urethral stricture was estimated using inverse variance weighting (IVW), weighted median, and model selection. Multiple sensitivity analyses (including pleiotropy, heterogeneity, and leave-one-out tests) were performed to evaluate the robustness and dependability of the MR results, followed by Bayesian colocalization, phenotype scanning, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis.
We identified a significant causal relationship between three inflammatory cytokines (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [GCSF], stem cell growth factor beta [SCGFb], and interleukin-5 [IL5]) and urethral stricture. GCSF (odds ratio [OR] = 4.722, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.367-16.303, p = 0.014) and SCGFb (OR = 1.209, 95% CI = 1.06-1.379, p = 0.004) increased the risk of urethral stricture, whereas IL5 decreased the risk of urethral stricture (OR = 0.782, 95% CI = 0.626-0.976, p = 0.029). Reverse MR showed no reverse causality between inflammatory cytokines, with significant causality and urethral stricture. PPI analysis showed that the three inflammatory cytokines interacted with multiple fibrosis-related genes: transforming growth factor beta 1, nitric oxide synthase 2, and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3.
Our study demonstrated that the inflammatory cytokines GCSF, SCGFb, and IL5 are significantly associated with urethral stricture, providing valuable insights for the prevention and diagnosis of urethral stricture.
