Akinrinade Olumide Emmanuel, Rosa André Henrique
Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Três de Março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, 18087-180, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
Chemosphere. 2025 Sep;384:144495. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144495. Epub 2025 Jun 10.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and several halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are chemicals of high environmental and human health concerns. Accidental indoor dust-ingestion and dietary intake currently account for the primary human exposure pathways. There is however increasing evidence of the importance of inhalation exposure to these chemicals. Fifty-four relevant documents, sourced from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed® and Google Scholar core databases, were studied to: understand the current global levels of PCBs and HFRs in indoor air; deduce the present risk of inhalation exposure and examine the current emission factors. Concentrations are likely underestimated for few studies due to misapplication of passive sampling rates. High concentrations were reported in several locations globally with emerging flame retardant concentration reaching 42,000 pg/m in Turkiye. Specific concentration order cannot be pinned to microenvironments as concentrations vary with emission sources, indoor activities, building characteristics and air-exchange. The air profile is frequently dominated with PCB-28, PCB-52, BDE-209, BDE-47, BDE-99, DBE-DBCH, DBDPE, EH-TBB and DDC-CO with factors primarily related to dominant applications and volatilization properties. No major regional difference was observed in the air profile. In few instances, inhalation exposure compared well with that of dietary and accidental ingestion and needs to be routinely considered in the overall human exposure risk assessment, particularly from a large data set. In view of the increasing detection of more volatile compounds in indoor environment, specific global or regional inhalation reference dose will be required for robust human exposure risk assessment.
多氯联苯（PCBs）和几种卤代阻燃剂（HFRs）是备受环境和人类健康关注的化学品。目前，室内灰尘意外摄入和饮食摄入是人类接触这些化学品的主要途径。然而，越来越多的证据表明吸入接触这些化学品的重要性。我们研究了从Scopus、科学网、PubMed®和谷歌学术核心数据库中获取的54份相关文献，目的是：了解室内空气中多氯联苯和卤代阻燃剂的当前全球水平；推断当前吸入接触的风险，并研究当前的排放因子。由于被动采样率应用不当，少数研究可能低估了浓度。全球多个地点报告了高浓度情况，在土耳其，新兴阻燃剂浓度达到42,000 pg/m³。由于浓度会因排放源、室内活动、建筑特征和空气交换而有所不同，因此无法确定特定的微环境浓度顺序。空气成分中经常以PCB - 28、PCB - 52、BDE - 209、BDE - 47、BDE - 99、DBE - DBCH、DBDPE、EH - TBB和DDC - CO为主，其影响因素主要与主要应用和挥发特性有关。在空气成分方面未观察到明显的区域差异。在少数情况下，吸入接触与饮食和意外摄入接触情况相当，在总体人类接触风险评估中需要常规考虑，特别是基于大量数据集的情况。鉴于室内环境中越来越多地检测到更多挥发性化合物，进行可靠的人类接触风险评估将需要特定的全球或区域吸入参考剂量。
