Manmuan Suwisit, Weerapol Yotsanan, Chuenbarn Tiraniti, Limmatvapirat Sontaya, Limmatvapirat Chutima, Tubtimsri Sukannika
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chon Buri 20131, Thailand.
Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand.
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 May 30;26(11):5279. doi: 10.3390/ijms26115279.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Ostwald ripening inhibitors on -limonene (-LMN) nanoemulsions and to elucidate their impact on oral cancer cells. Various inhibitors, including olive oil, soybean oil, and perilla oil, were incorporated into -LMN nanoemulsions at different ratios (25:75-75:25, -LMN to inhibitor). The resulting nanoemulsions were evaluated for droplet size, size distribution, zeta potential, stability, droplet morphology, cytotoxicity, antimetastatic and anti-invasive activities, apoptosis induction, and cell cycle arrest. Results showed that the 75:25 -LMN to inhibitor ratio produced the smallest droplet size and exhibited great stability, particularly with perilla oil. Notably, -LMN nanoemulsions displayed strong anti-oral cancer effects by reducing cell viability, metastasis, and invasion. Apoptosis was induced, as evidenced by nuclear fragmentation, Annexin V binding, and altered expression of , , , and . Additionally, the nanoemulsions caused cell cycle arrest via downregulation of , , , and . These findings highlight the potential of -LMN nanoemulsions as a promising alternative therapeutic strategy for oral cancer treatment.
本研究的目的是研究奥斯特瓦尔德熟化抑制剂对柠檬烯（-LMN）纳米乳液的影响，并阐明其对口腔癌细胞的作用。将各种抑制剂，包括橄榄油、大豆油和紫苏油，以不同比例（25:75 - 75:25，-LMN与抑制剂）加入到-LMN纳米乳液中。对所得纳米乳液进行了液滴大小、大小分布、zeta电位、稳定性、液滴形态、细胞毒性、抗转移和抗侵袭活性、凋亡诱导以及细胞周期阻滞等方面的评估。结果表明，-LMN与抑制剂比例为75:25时产生的液滴尺寸最小且稳定性极佳，尤其是与紫苏油组合时。值得注意的是，-LMN纳米乳液通过降低细胞活力、转移和侵袭表现出强大的抗口腔癌作用。诱导了凋亡，核碎裂、膜联蛋白V结合以及、、和表达的改变都证明了这一点。此外，纳米乳液通过下调、、和导致细胞周期阻滞。这些发现突出了-LMN纳米乳液作为口腔癌治疗有前景的替代治疗策略的潜力。
