Basic Science Research in Frozen Shoulder: Current Updates.

BACKGROUND

Frozen shoulder (FS) is a painful and functionally debilitating condition characterized by progressive shoulder stiffness. The etiology and pathomechanism of FS remain unclear but are likely influenced by genetic predisposition, systemic inflammation, and localized shoulder trauma.

METHODS

A comprehensive search was conducted on July 4, 2024, using PubMed, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar. Keywords included "frozen shoulder" and "adhesive capsulitis," with a focus on basic science-related topics.

RESULTS

Chronic inflammatory conditions in FS trigger a cascade involving cytokines, growth factors, increased extracellular matrix turnover, fibroblast activation, collagen deposition, and reduced matrix degradation, contributing to fibrosis and impaired joint mobility.

CONCLUSIONS

FS is a condition with multifactorial triggering factors that require targeted research to elucidate its mechanisms and identify molecular targets. Basic scientific studies are essential for developing biomarkers and advancing therapeutic strategies.