Environmental application of Typha Latifolia biochar/xanthan gum nanocomposite improved with thiosemicarbazide for the removal of cadmium ions from aqueous medium.

In the present study, Typha Latifolia biochar/xanthan gum nanocomposite reinforced with thiosemicarbazide (BCXT) as a biosolid adsorbent was used for the enhanced adsorption of Cdfrom aqueous medium. The inclusion of thiosemicarbazide into the composite raises the surface chemical functional groups such as -NH, -NH, and -C=S which act as Lewis basic functional groups that attract the Lewis acid heavy metal cations. Various characterization tools were used for the investigation of Typha Latifolia biochar (BC), Latifolia biochar/xanthan gum nanocomposite (BCX), and Typha Latifolia biochar/xanthan gum nanocomposite (BCXT). The developed BCXT had a greater specific surface area of 649.5 m/g, pore radius of 1.424 nm, pH of 7.3, and many surface chemical functional groups. The adsorption of Cd was carried out under various application features, and BCXT exhibited the highest adsorption capacity of 252.26 mg/g at 2.5 g/L of solid adsorbent dose, pH 6, 25 °C, and 30 min of shaking duration. Various nonlinear adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamic models were employed. It implies that adsorption on all solid adsorbents is pseudo-first order, endothermic (ΔH = 3.6754 kJ/mol as average value), spontaneous (ΔG= ̶ 4.6034 kJ/mol as average value), and physisorption. Desorption and reusability experiments show that the solid material is reusable, with just a 4 % reduction in adsorption effectiveness after eight reuse cycles. These findings suggest that BCXT is a promising, reusable biosorbent for heavy metal removal from contaminated water.