Tran Tu Tuan, Be Huy The, Hoang Khanh Dinh, Dong Hoang Duc
Department of Internal Medicine, Thai Nguyen University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Nguyen, Viet Nam.
Department of Endoscopy, Bac Kan General Hospital, Bac Kan, Viet Nam.
Clin Transl Oncol. 2025 Jun 17. doi: 10.1007/s12094-025-03965-3.
Hepatocellular carcinoma remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, yet the disease manifests and progresses differently between sexes. Significant disparities in risk factors, diagnosis, and therapeutic outcomes are shaped by a combination of biological differences and sociocultural influences. Males face a significantly higher risk of developing HCC, primarily due to greater exposure to key risk factors such as chronic hepatitis B and C infections, excessive alcohol consumption, and metabolic disorders. In contrast, females generally exhibit better prognoses, attributed to the protective effects of estrogen and stronger immune responses. However, despite these advantages, females often experience delays in diagnosis and encounter barriers to accessing optimal treatment options. This narrative review explores the sex- and gender-based disparities in HCC, highlighting their impact on disease progression, diagnosis, and treatment effectiveness. Understanding these differences is crucial for improving patient outcomes and advancing personalized therapeutic approaches for HCC management.
肝细胞癌仍然是全球癌症相关死亡的主要原因之一，然而该疾病在性别之间的表现和进展有所不同。风险因素、诊断和治疗结果的显著差异是由生物学差异和社会文化影响共同塑造的。男性患肝细胞癌的风险显著更高，主要是因为更多地接触慢性乙型和丙型肝炎感染、过量饮酒和代谢紊乱等关键风险因素。相比之下，女性通常预后较好，这归因于雌激素的保护作用和更强的免疫反应。然而，尽管有这些优势，女性往往在诊断上出现延迟，并在获得最佳治疗方案方面遇到障碍。这篇叙述性综述探讨了肝细胞癌中基于性别的差异，强调了它们对疾病进展、诊断和治疗效果的影响。了解这些差异对于改善患者预后和推进肝细胞癌管理的个性化治疗方法至关重要。
