Identification of the MEX3 family as potential biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma based on bioinformatics and experiments.

BACKGROUND

Members of the MEX3 RNA-binding protein family have been widely recognized as critical in the development and progression of cancer. However, the specific role of MEX3 in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) remains largely unexplored. This study aims to exploring the potential functions and mechanisms of MEX3 family genes in LIHC.

METHODS

To address this gap, we performed a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis using various tools and databases, including the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset, R software, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, cBioPortal, LinkedOmics, Metascape, TIMER, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and nomogram. Furthermore, the protein levels of MEX3 family were assessed by Western blot and the Human Protein Atlas.

RESULTS

Our analyses revealed that MEX3 family genes were significantly overexpressed in multiple types of tumor tissues, particularly in LIHC. Specifically, MEX3A was highly expressed in Asian populations, while MEX3B/C/D showed increased expression in tumors of higher grades and advanced clinical stages. High expression of MEX3A correlated with poor survival outcomes; MEX3C/D showed partial associations with poor survival, whereas MEX3B indicated a favorable trend. Mutations in the gene were frequently observed and were strongly associated with hypoxic conditions, increased incidence of adverse clinical symptoms, and a poorer prognosis. The enrichment analysis of co-expressed genes within the MEX3 family revealed involvement in cell cycle regulation, transcriptional control, and various oncogenic pathways. Additionally, correlations were observed between the expression levels of MEX3 family genes and key driver genes such as , , , , and . Furthermore, upregulation of MEX3 family gene expression was associated with increased T helper cells, Th2 cells, and other infiltrating immune lymphocytes. The ROC curve indicated that MEX3A had optimal predictive value for LIHC. Moreover, there were differences in the expression levels of MEX3 family genes and proteins, suggesting that post-translational modifications may play a crucial role in regulating their protein levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that the MEX3 family is associated with the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients and contributes to disease progression by modulating the cell cycle and protein post-transcriptional modifications. Furthermore, this family is related to the tumor microenvironment, particularly in hypoxia and immune responses, which holds significant value for predicting liver cancer outcomes.