Adsorption of methylene blue by lemon verbena leaf waste: valorization, decontamination and modeling.

Wasted lemon verbena leaves have been repurposed as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable biosorbent for the removal of Methylene Blue (MB), a hazardous dye, from aqueous environments. The structure of the produced biosorbent, functional groups, morphology and surface charge could all be clearly understood by XRD, FTIR, SEM, pH and Boehm titration analysis. Batch sorption studies were then used to look at the effects of pH (2-10), dosage of biosorbent (0.05 g to 0.15 g), agitation speed (0-300 rpm), time (0-120 min), beginning MB concentration (20-80 mg.L), as well as temperature (20-50°C) and ionic force (via NaCl). At a pH of 5.13, 0.15 g of biosorbent, an agitation speed of 200 rpm and 20°C, MB uptake was determined to be 37.16 mg.g, indicating a significant removal. The equilibrium data were best described by the Freundlich adsorption model (R: 0.953, Adj. R: 0.945 and χ: 2.988) and the kinetic studies were well-fitted to the pseudo-second order model (R > 0.992, Adj. R > 0.990 and χ < 1.221). Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption process is spontaneous (ΔG° < -3.536 kJ.mol), endothermic (ΔH°: 8.184 kJ.mol), and physical in nature (Ea: 12.12 kJ.mol). This study highlights the potential of waste lemon verbena leaves as an effective biosorbent for removing toxic dyes from wastewater, offering an environmentally friendly and economical alternative for water treatment.