de Wet Lara, Matle Itumeleng, Thekisoe Oriel, Lekota Kgaugelo E, Ramatla Tsepo
Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
Bacteriology Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
Front Microbiol. 2025 Jun 4;16:1586811. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1586811. eCollection 2025.
poses challenges in clinical and environmental contexts due to its capacity to colonize natural ecosystems and antibiotic resistance. This study characterized harboured by Diptera flies collected from illegal residential dumping sites and livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats) kraals in Potchefstroom, South Africa.
The isolates were characterized using classical microbiological tests and species-specific gene PCR assay. Antibiotic resistance (AR) was assessed on the isolates using disc diffusion assay (DDA). Additionally, PCR screened six virulence genes (, , , , , and ) among the isolates. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was employed to confirm the identity and determine antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) on selected isolates.
Culture-based and molecular assays showed that is prevalent in Diptera flies ( spp., spp., spp., spp., and spp.) from livestock kraals (75%; = 36/48) and dumping sites (48%; = 23/48). The most detected virulent gene among the isolates was (96.6%), followed by and genes (83.1%), (81.4%), (76.3%), and (47.5%). All isolates were resistant to metronidazole, sulphamethoxazole, cefazolin and amoxicillin based on DDA. The sulfonamide resistance gene (88.1%) was the most detected ARG from the isolates, followed by (80.6%) coding for aminoglycoside. WGS revealed that isolates belong to the sequence type (ST3808), which is multidrug-resistant and contains ARGs for fosfomycin (), ampicillin ( ), chloramphenicol (), beta-lactamase ( ), and aminoglycoside ().
This study isolated ESBL-producing from various Diptera fly species collected from livestock kraals and residential dumping sites. This bacterium is important to "One Health" due to its multidrug resistance character and zoonotic nature. As a result, it requires consolidated control and management policies from the environmental, veterinary, and human health sectors.
由于其在自然生态系统中定殖的能力和抗生素抗性，在临床和环境背景下带来了挑战。本研究对从南非波切夫斯特鲁姆的非法住宅垃圾倾倒场和牲畜（牛、羊和山羊）圈舍收集的双翅目苍蝇携带的[细菌名称未给出]进行了特征描述。
使用经典微生物学测试和物种特异性[基因名称未给出]基因PCR检测对[细菌名称未给出]分离株进行特征描述。使用纸片扩散法（DDA）对分离株的抗生素抗性（AR）进行评估。此外，PCR筛选了分离株中的六个毒力基因（[基因名称未给出]、[基因名称未给出]、[基因名称未给出]、[基因名称未给出]、[基因名称未给出]和[基因名称未给出]）。采用全基因组测序（WGS）来确认所选分离株的身份并确定抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）。
基于培养和分子检测表明，[细菌名称未给出]在来自牲畜圈舍（75%；n = 36/48）和垃圾倾倒场（48%；n = 23/48）的双翅目苍蝇（[苍蝇物种名称未给出]属、[苍蝇物种名称未给出]属、[苍蝇物种名称未给出]属.[苍蝇物种名称未给出]属和[苍蝇物种名称未给出]属）中普遍存在。分离株中检测到最多的毒力基因是[基因名称未给出]（96.6%），其次是[基因名称未给出]和[基因名称未给出]基因（83.1%）、[基因名称未给出]（81.4%）、[基因名称未给出]（76.3%）和[基因名称未给出]（47.5%）。根据DDA，所有[细菌名称未给出]分离株对甲硝唑、磺胺甲恶唑、头孢唑林和阿莫西林均有抗性。磺胺类抗性[基因名称未给出]基因（88.1%）是从[细菌名称未给出]分离株中检测到最多的ARG，其次是编码氨基糖苷类的[基因名称未给出]（80.6%）。WGS显示，[细菌名称未给出]分离株属于序列类型（ST3808），具有多重耐药性，并且含有磷霉素（[基因名称未给出]）、氨苄青霉素（[基因名称未给出]）、氯霉素（[基因名称未给出]）、β-内酰胺酶（[基因名称未给出]）和氨基糖苷类（[基因名称未给出]）的ARGs。
本研究从从牲畜圈舍和住宅垃圾倾倒场收集的各种双翅目苍蝇物种中分离出了产ESBL的[细菌名称未给出]。这种细菌由于其多重耐药特性和人畜共患性质，对“同一健康”很重要。因此，它需要环境、兽医和人类健康部门制定统一的控制和管理政策。
