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印度无厕所家庭的患病率与负担:对2022 - 2023年36个邦/联邦属地的261,746户家庭的分析

Prevalence and burden of no-toilet households in India: an analysis of 261,746 households in 36 states/Union Territories in 2022-2023.

作者信息

Jain Anoop, Kumar Akhil, Kim Rockli, Subramanian S V

机构信息

Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.

Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

出版信息

Glob Health Action. 2025 Dec;18(1):2511351. doi: 10.1080/16549716.2025.2511351. Epub 2025 Jun 19.


DOI:10.1080/16549716.2025.2511351
PMID:40536324
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12180355/
Abstract

India's Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was a nation-wide program aimed at providing households with toilets to eliminate open defecation. Between 2016 and 2021, millions of households gained access to a toilet. However, as of 2021, over 238 million people still did not have a toilet, and there was considerable variation in this outcome between India's states and Union Territories. We update the estimates on the number of no-toilet households in India using India's Household Consumption Expenditure Survey from 2022 to 2023. We find that 12.5% of India's households, most of which are in rural communities, still have no toilet. This amounts to over 162 million people still living without a toilet. Over 70% of those without a toilet live in just six states, and the lowest socioeconomic status households are the least likely to have a toilet. This emphasizes the need for policy makers to target states and socioeconomic groups that are lagging. Furthermore, policy makers should understand that a household's toilet status can fluctuate because of adverse climate events, such as flooding. This evidence highlights the need for accurate and up-to-date data on no-toilet households throughout India.

摘要

印度的“清洁印度运动”是一项全国性计划,旨在为家庭提供厕所,以消除露天排便现象。在2016年至2021年期间,数百万家庭用上了厕所。然而,截至2021年,仍有超过2.38亿人没有厕所,而且印度各邦和中央直辖区在这一结果上存在很大差异。我们利用印度2022年至2023年的家庭消费支出调查更新了印度无厕所家庭数量的估计。我们发现,印度12.5%的家庭仍然没有厕所,其中大多数位于农村社区。这意味着仍有超过1.62亿人生活在没有厕所的环境中。超过70%没有厕所的人仅生活在六个邦,社会经济地位最低的家庭拥有厕所的可能性最小。这凸显了政策制定者针对落后邦和社会经济群体的必要性。此外,政策制定者应该明白,由于洪水等不利气候事件,家庭的厕所状况可能会波动。这一证据凸显了在全印度获取无厕所家庭精确和最新数据的必要性。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5d62/12180355/9e470c247b6b/ZGHA_A_2511351_F0003_OC.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5d62/12180355/a76b49ba1e67/ZGHA_A_2511351_F0001_OC.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5d62/12180355/fcbb4f08db4d/ZGHA_A_2511351_F0002_OC.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5d62/12180355/9e470c247b6b/ZGHA_A_2511351_F0003_OC.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5d62/12180355/a76b49ba1e67/ZGHA_A_2511351_F0001_OC.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5d62/12180355/fcbb4f08db4d/ZGHA_A_2511351_F0002_OC.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5d62/12180355/9e470c247b6b/ZGHA_A_2511351_F0003_OC.jpg

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Prevalence and burden of no-toilet households in India: an analysis of 261,746 households in 36 states/Union Territories in 2022-2023.

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本文引用的文献

[1]
Metrics for access to water and sanitation need structural changes.

Lancet Glob Health. 2025-1

[2]
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Heliyon. 2024-9-7

[3]
The process, outcomes and context of the sanitation change induced by the Swachh Bharat Mission in rural Jharkhand, India.

BMC Public Health. 2024-4-12

[4]
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J Glob Health. 2023-7-28

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Lancet. 2023-6-17

[6]
Correlates of access to sanitation facilities and benefits received from the in India: analysis of cross-sectional data from the 2018 National Sample Survey.

BMJ Open. 2022-7-29

[7]
Understanding Open Defecation in the Age of : Agency, Accountability, and Anger in Rural Bihar.

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020-2-21

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Soc Sci Med. 2018-9-19

[9]
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SSM Popul Health. 2018-7-18

[10]
The association between women's sanitation experiences and mental health: A cross-sectional study in Rural, Odisha India.

SSM Popul Health. 2018-6-20

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