Jain Anoop, Kumar Akhil, Kim Rockli, Subramanian S V
Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Glob Health Action. 2025 Dec;18(1):2511351. doi: 10.1080/16549716.2025.2511351. Epub 2025 Jun 19.
India's Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was a nation-wide program aimed at providing households with toilets to eliminate open defecation. Between 2016 and 2021, millions of households gained access to a toilet. However, as of 2021, over 238 million people still did not have a toilet, and there was considerable variation in this outcome between India's states and Union Territories. We update the estimates on the number of no-toilet households in India using India's Household Consumption Expenditure Survey from 2022 to 2023. We find that 12.5% of India's households, most of which are in rural communities, still have no toilet. This amounts to over 162 million people still living without a toilet. Over 70% of those without a toilet live in just six states, and the lowest socioeconomic status households are the least likely to have a toilet. This emphasizes the need for policy makers to target states and socioeconomic groups that are lagging. Furthermore, policy makers should understand that a household's toilet status can fluctuate because of adverse climate events, such as flooding. This evidence highlights the need for accurate and up-to-date data on no-toilet households throughout India.
印度的“清洁印度运动”是一项全国性计划,旨在为家庭提供厕所,以消除露天排便现象。在2016年至2021年期间,数百万家庭用上了厕所。然而,截至2021年,仍有超过2.38亿人没有厕所,而且印度各邦和中央直辖区在这一结果上存在很大差异。我们利用印度2022年至2023年的家庭消费支出调查更新了印度无厕所家庭数量的估计。我们发现,印度12.5%的家庭仍然没有厕所,其中大多数位于农村社区。这意味着仍有超过1.62亿人生活在没有厕所的环境中。超过70%没有厕所的人仅生活在六个邦,社会经济地位最低的家庭拥有厕所的可能性最小。这凸显了政策制定者针对落后邦和社会经济群体的必要性。此外,政策制定者应该明白,由于洪水等不利气候事件,家庭的厕所状况可能会波动。这一证据凸显了在全印度获取无厕所家庭精确和最新数据的必要性。
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